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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability of a skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| the capacity of a skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| the ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| connective tissue located outside of the epimysium | fascia |
| loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi | perimysium |
| connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber | endomysium |
| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other; fills the cytoplasm of each fiber | myofibrils |
| thin myofilaments; resemble two minute strands of pearls twisted together | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments; resemble bundles of minute golf clubs | myosin myofilaments |
| formed by actin and myosin myofilaments; | sarcomeres |
| the charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| a single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| the time between the application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| the time of contraction | contraction phase |
| the time when the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction; produced in the mitochondria | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than is can be produced in muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic |
| the constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time; keeps head up and back straight | muscle tone |
| head of muscle; ; most stationary end | origin |
| the end of te muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyebrows and causes crows feet in the corners of eyes | orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks; trumpeters muscle | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superioris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| chewing | mastication |
| 4 pairs of masication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| change shape of the tongue | Intrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| move the tongue | Extrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| lateral neck muscle and prime mover; rotates and abducts the head | Sternocleidomastoid |
| group of muscles on each side of the back; responsible for keeping back straight and the body erect | erector spinae |
| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles |
| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
| contract during forced expiration | Internal intercostals |
| accomplishes quiet breathing; dome shaped muscle; aids in breathing | Diaphragm |
| rotates scapula | Trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | Serratus Anterior |
| medially rotates, abducts, and powerfully extends the arm | latissimus dorsi |
| abducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of hte upper limb | deltoid |
| extends the forearm; occupies the posterior compartment of the arm | Triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm; occupies the anterior compartment of the arm | Biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | Brachioradialis |
| strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so they don't "bowstring" during muscle contraction | Retinaculum (bracelet) |
| flexes the wrist | Flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | Extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum |
| extends the fingers | extensor digitorum |
| 19 muscles located within the hand | Intrinsic hand muscles |
| located between the metacarpals; responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers. | Interossi muscles |
| buttocks; contributes most of the mass of the buttocks | Gluteus Maximus |
| hip muscle and common injection site | Gluteus medius |
| extends the leg; anterior to thigh muscles | Quadriceps femoris |
| "tailors muscle"; flexes the thigh | sartorious |
| posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh | Hamstring muscles |
| forms the calf muscle; join to form calceneal tendon; flex the foot and toes | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| 20 muscles located within the foot; flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes | Itrinsic toes |
| ATP | Adenosine triphophate |
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