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ch6 muscles
eastham
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows. |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips. |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter’s muscle. |
| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | are the kissing muscles |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle. |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect |
| Most involved in breathing | External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Diaphragm |
| External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Diaphragm | Most involved in breathing |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration. |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration. |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome-shaped muscle. Aids in breathing. |
| Abdominal wall muscles | The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera. |
| linea alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall |
| On each side of the linea alba | rectus abdominis muscle |
| Tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented. |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| The arm is attached to the thorax | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm. |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction. |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist. |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers. |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| 19 hand muscles located within the hand | intrinsic hand muscles |
| Interossi | muscles, located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks. Contributes most of the mass of the buttocks. Gluteus medius, hip muscle and common injection site. |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle. They join to form the calcaneal tendon |
| Achilles tendon | Flex the foot and toes |
| The lateral muscles of the leg | peroneus |
| 20 muscles located within the foot | intrinsic foot muscles |
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | epimysium |
| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi (fascicle), which are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | perimysium |
| 4. The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | fibers |
| 5. Each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei. | endomysium. |
| 6. Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | endomysium. |
| 7. The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils- a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| a. actin myofilaments | together thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted. |
| b. myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs |
| 9. Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres |
| the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. | sarcomere |
| 1. The outside of most cell membranes is positively charged compared to the inside of the cell membrane, which is negatively charged. The charge difference across the membrane is called the | resting membrane potential. |
| 2. When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. The brief reversal back of the charge is called | action potential. |
| 1. Motor neurons | are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| 2. Axons enter the muscles and branch. Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a | neuromusclular junction, |
| 3. A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a | motor unit |
| 5. The enlarged nerve terminal is the | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | synaptic cleft and the muscle fiber is the postsynaptic terminal |
| 6. Each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles |
| 2. The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called the | sliding filament mechanism |
| 3. Muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| 4. A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | 4. Threshold |
| 5. The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | lag phase |
| 6. The time of contraction is the | contraction phase |
| 7. The time during which the muscle relaxes is the | relaxation phase |
| 9. Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. |
| 10. The increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment |
| 4. It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called | creatine phosphate |
| 6. Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
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handrew10
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