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eastham muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the__________ | epimysium |
| fascia | is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi, which are surrounded by loose connective tissue called ___________ | perimysium |
| the fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called ______ | fibers |
| each muscle fiber is a ______ cylindrical cell containing several nuclei | single |
| each fiber is surrounded by a connective issue sheath called the ________ | endomysium |
| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ________ - a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin myofilaments & myosin myofilaments |
| actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called _____, which are joined end to end to form the myofibril | sacromeres |
| The __________ is the basic structural and functional unity of muscle | sacromere |
| Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) | charge difference across the membrane |
| Action Potential (AP) | brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| neuronmuscular junction or synapse | the link between an axon terminal and a muscle fiber and is near the center of the cell |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
| the enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal, the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell synaptic cleft |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains ___________, which secrete a neurotransmitter called__________. | synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes or __________ | acetylcholinesterase |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin and myofilaments past myson myofilaments during contraction |
| muscle twitch | contraction of a whole muscle in response to a single stimulus |
| Threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| all-or-none response | A phenomenon at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. |
| The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase. | lag |
| the time of contraction | contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | relation phase |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called________. | Recruitment |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| ATP is produced in the _______ | mitochondria |
| ATP is short-lived and degenerates to the more stable ______. | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate |
| A high-energy molecule stored by muscle cells | creatine phosphate |
| anaerobic respiration | Does not use oxygen |
| Aerobic | uses oxygen |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose |
| muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced. |
| Isometric | equal distance |
| Isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. |
| Isotonic | equal tension |
| isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. |
| muscle tone | refers to the constant tension produced by the muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. |
| fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. |
| slow twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. Better suited for aerobic metabolism. |
| occipitofrontalis | raise the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes wrinkles in the corners of the eyes |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| orbicularis oris & buccinator | kissing muscles |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscles |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | rotates and abducts the head |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contact during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | dome-shaped muscle, accomplishes quiet breathing |
| linea alba | tendinous area or the abdominal wall |
| abdominal wall muscles | flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera |
| rectus abdominis | on each side of the linea alba |
| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations |
| trapezis | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, abducts, and powerfully extends the arm. |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is a major abductor of the upper limb |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm. occupies the posterior compartment of the arm |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm. occupies the anterior compartment of the arm |
Created by:
gtoliver
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