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BSC 105 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ability to shorten with force? | contractility |
| capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus? | excitability |
| ability to be stretched? | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to original resting length after being stretched? | elasticity |
| muscles help produce what and for what reason? | heat, maintenance of normal body temperature |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by what? | epimysium |
| what is another connective tissue that separates and surrounds muscles? | fascia |
| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called what? | fasciculi |
| the fasciculi is surrounded by what? | perimysium |
| the fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called what? | fibers |
| each fiber is surrounded by what? | endomysium |
| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with what? | myofibrils |
| thin myofliaments | actin |
| thick myofilaments | myosin |
| myofilaments form highly ordered units called what? | sarcomeres |
| what is the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle? | sarcromere |
| what kind of appearance does the arrangement of actin and myosin give? | banded |
| what is the light area on each side of the Z line called? | I Band |
| what does the I Band consist of? | actin |
| what is the darker central region of the sarcomere? | A Band |
| what does the A Band consist of? | myosin |
| what is in the center of the sarcomere? | H Zone |
| what does the H Zone consist of? | myosin |
| what kind of charge do the outside cell membranes have? | positive |
| what kind of charge do the inside cell membranes have? | negative |
| what is the charge difference across the membrane called? | resting membrane potential |
| what is the brief reversal back of charge called? | action potential |
| nerves that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers? | motor neurons |
| each Z line is an attachment site for what? | actin |
| each branch of axons that connects to the muscle forms a what? | neuromuscular junction |
| what is another word for neuromuscular junction? | synapse |
| where is a synapse located? | near the center of the cell |
| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a what? | motor unit |
| many motor units form a what? | muscle |
| a neuromuscular junction is formed by what? | an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indention of the muscle cell membrane |
| the enlarged nerve terminal is called a what? | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is called the what? | synaptic cleft |
| the muscle fiber is called the what? | postsynaptic terminal |
| each presynaptic terminal contains what? | synaptic vesicles |
| synaptic vesicles secrete what? | a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine |
| what is the enzyme that breaks down the acetylcholine between the neuron and muscle cell is called what? | acetylcholinesterase |
| what causes sarcromeres to shorten? | actin and myosin myofilaments sliding past each other |
| what is the sliding of myofilaments called? | sliding filament mechanism |
| which 2 bands shorten? | the H and I bands |
| which band does not change in length? | A band |
| what is a muscle twitch? | the contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| the muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus unless it reaches a certain point called a what? | threshold |
| what is this phenomenon called? | all-or-nothing response |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of the contraction is called the what phase? | lag phase |
| the time of contraction is called the what phase? | contraction phase |
| the time during while the muscle relaxes is called the what phase? | relaxation phase |
| what is it called when the muscles don't have time to fully relax | tetany |
| the increase of motor units being used is called what? | recruitment |
| acetylcholine diffuses across the what? | synaptic cleft |
| what does acetylcholine bind to? | postsynaptic terminal |
| myosin myofilaments are anchored where? | center of the sarcromere |
| what is the dark stained band holding myosin myofilaments called? | M Line |
| each sarcromere extends from what to what? | Z Line to Z Line |
| (T/F) when a muscle cell is stimulated, the membrane characteristics change briefly. | true |
| what is needed for energy for muscle contraction? | ATP |
| what is produced in the mitochondria? | ATP |
| what does ATP degenerate to? | ADP |
| what is the other high-energy molecule muscle cells can store? | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| what is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions called? | oxygen debt |
| what is it called when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells? | muscle fatigue |
| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases (equal distance) | isometric |
| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of muscle changes (equal tension) | isotonic |
| what is the constant tension produced by muscles called? | muscle tone |
| contract and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
| what are the points of attachment on each muscle? | origin and insertion |
| stationary end of muscle | origin |
| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| portion of muscle between origin and insertion | belly |
| (T/F) all muscles only have one origin | false |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called what? | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition of each other are called what? | antagonists |
| what is the muscle called that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement? | prime mover |
| what are some ways that muscles can be named? | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function |
| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids | orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks | buccinator |
| what are the kissing muscles? | orbicularis oris and buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering muscle | levator labii superioris |
| frowning muscle | depressor anguli oris |
| what is another name for chewing? | mastication |
| how many pairs of mastication muscles? | 4 |
| what are the 4 pairs of mastication muscles? | 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| changes the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscles |
| move the tongue | extrinsic tongue muscles |
| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | sternocleidomastoid |
| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spine |
| most involved in breathing | external and internal intercostals |
| elevates the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals |
| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm |
| what do the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall do? | flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera |
| the tendinous area of the abdominal wall is called what? | linea alba |
| on each side of the linea alba is the what? | rectus abdominis |
| what crosses the rectus abdominus at three or more locations? | tendinous inscriptions |
| what three muscles are lateral to the rectus abdominus? | external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverses abdominis muscles |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
| the arm is attached to the thorax by what? | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arms | latissimus dorsi |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle | deltoid |
| extends the forearm; occupies the posterior compartment of the arm | triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm; occupies the anterior compartment of the arm | biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis |
| strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extension tendons | retinaculum |
| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorium |
| extends the fingers | extensor digitorium |
| 19 hand muscles called the what? | intrinsic hand muscles |
| what muscles, that are located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers? | interossi |
| buttocks | gluteus maximus |
| hip muscle and common injection site | gluteus meduis |
| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | quadriceps femoris |
| flexes the thigh | sartorius |
| posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh | hamstring muscles |
| form the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus |
| what do they form to join? | calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) |
| what are the lateral muscles of the leg called? | peroneus muscles |
| 20 muscles located in the foot are called? | intrinsic foot muscles |
| what do the intrinsic foot muscles do? | flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
| what does the Achilles tendon do? | flex the foot and toes |
| what are the 2 scapular movements? | trapezius and serratus anterior |
| what does the retinaculum do? | holds the flexor and extensor tendons together in place around the wrist so that they do now "bowstring" during muscle contraction |
| what role do the peroneus muscles play? | primary everters |
| what do the peroneus muscles do? | turn the lateral side od the foot outward, aid in plantar flexion |
Created by:
arwilson2
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