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Psych development
CH 9 Catching - Development of Manipulative Skills
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common manipulative skill | catching |
| what is the goal of catching | to retain possession of the object you catch |
| what is the best way to catch an object? | object in the hands because the catcher can quickly manipulate it – usually by throwing it |
| Early stage of catching | Batch ball with body Hands are facing up |
| Proficient Catching | Catching with hands Arms go with ball Body in front of the ball |
| catching is specific to what? | environmental and task constraints |
| Developmental Changes in Catching – Arm | 1. arms extended only 2. arms extended in hugging the ball - trapped against chest 3. arms are extended forwards but move under to scoop ball 4. arms give into the fore of the ball- caught with hands |
| Developmental Changes in Catching – Hand | 1. palms are faced up 2. palms are facing each other 3. palms adjust to the size and flight of the ball |
| Developmental Changes in Catching – Body | 1. no adjustment - body doesn't move 2. the arms |
| Children better predict the ball flight as they get older, especially when | the viewing time (path of the ball) is short |
| Observing Catching Patterns key point | to assess catching skill, environmental and task constraints such as ball size and ball trajectory must be tracked and replicated |
| Why is anticipation so important? | To be successful, performers must initiate movements well ahead of interception so that the body and hands (or implement, such as a hockey stick) can be in the proper position when the object arrives |
| Coincidence-anticipation tasks | are motor skills that require anticipates the completion of a movement to coincide with the arrival of a moving object |
| Performance of coincidence-anticipation tasks improve through childhood and adolescence likely due to what? | due to difference in perception-action ability. However, improvement is largely dependent on task constraints |
| ball color and background combinations | influence young children’s performance because they cannot focus on the ball |
| Young children are less accurate | as the movement gets more complex |
| Young children are more successful at | intercepting large balls than small balls |
| A high trajectory | makes interception more difficult for young children |
| Children’s accuracy decreases | if the interception point is farther away |
| ↑ speed | ↑ interception difficulty |
| ↓ speed | children respond too early |
| Two important characteristics for catching: | invariance Optic array |
| invariance | is stability in the kinematic values of a set of movements (i.e., keeping patterns in the environment constant) |
| Optic array | consists of the light waves reverberating from surfaces in the environment (the stimulus for visual perception) |
| optic array expands | when the movement is “toward” |
| optic array constricts | when the movement is “away” |
| Interception success is often related to | ball size, speed, trajectory, and other task and environmental constraints |
| Catchers are able to intercept balls | by keeping certain relationships between themselves and the ball constant |
| why do older adults not catch as well as younger individuals | May be due more to the physical limitations rather than perception and anticipation of where to be |
| Driving is complex perceptual-motor skill involving manipulation | Skillful driving depends on vision (and sometimes hearing), attentional focus, experience, speed, and coordination, all under occasionally stressful conditions |
| older adults have a hard time | -dividing their attention and performing two tasks at once in driving situations -also take longer to plan movements and are slower in executing movements, especially when speedy movement is needed |
Created by:
rmart11