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BSC 105 CH.6 Muscles
anatomy muscle notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils |
| surrounds fibers; a connective tissue sheath | endomysium |
| single muscle cells | fibers |
| surrounds fascicles; a loose connective tissue | perimysium |
| visible bundles in the muscle | fascicle |
| connective tissue located outside the epimysium; surrounds & seperates | fascia |
| connective tissue sheath surrounding skeletal msucles | epimysium |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| the ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| thin myofilaments | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments | myosin myofilaments |
| actin & myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units that are joined end to end to form the myofibril | sarcomeres |
| each z-line is an attachment site for | actin |
| I-band consists of | actin |
| A-band extends the length of the | myosin |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | synaptic cleft |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold |
| the time between the application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | lag phase |
| the time of contraction is the | contraction phase |
| the time during which the muscle relaxes is the | relaxation phase |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen (more efficient) | aerobic respiration |
| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| two types of muscle contractions | isometric & isotonic |
| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. (equal distance) | isometric |
| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. (equal tension) | isotonic |
| constant tension produces by muscles of the body for long periods of time. keeps head up and back straight | muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly. well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. | fast-twitch-fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. they are better suited for aerobic metabolism | slow-twitch fibers |
| the most stationary end of the muscle. (head) | origin |
| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another are called | antagonists |
| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the | prime mover |
| raise the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids and causes "crow feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye | orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks. trumpeter's muscle | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superioris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| chewing | mastication |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of ptyergoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| change the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscle |
| move the tongue | extrinsic tongue muscle |
| lateral neck muscle and prime mover. rotates & abducts the head | sternocleidomastoid |
| muscles help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature | true |
| each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei | true |
| there are 3 major kinds of protein fibers | false |
| the sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | true |
| each sarcomere extends from one | z-line to another z-line |
| on each side of the z-line is a light area called an | i-band |
| the a-band extends the length of the | myosin |
| in the center of each sarcomere is another light area called the | h-zone |
| a dark staining band called the | m-line |
| the muscle fiber is the | postsynaptic terminal |
| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vessels |
| each synaptic vessel secretes a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine |
| acetylcholine causes | a change in the postsynaptic cell |
| the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzyme | acetylcholinesterase |
| occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten | muscle contraction |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called | sliding filament mechanism |
| a contraction of an entire muscle is response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| a msucle fiber will not respond to stimulus until the stimulus reaches a level called | threshold |
| the muscle fiber will contract maximally | all-or-none response |
| the time of contraction is the | contraction phase |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| produced the mitochondria | ATP |
Created by:
madisonwilburn
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