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Chapter 6 Muscles
Question | Answer |
---|---|
muscle cells | fibers |
loose connective tissue | perimysium |
connective tissue sheath | epimysium |
threadlike structure that extends from one end of fiber to the other | myofibrils |
muscles shorten with force | contractility |
muscles respond to stimulus | excitability |
muscles to be stretched | extensibility |
ability to recoil to original resting length after being stretched | elasticity |
Z line to Z line | sarcomere |
produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature | muscles |
connective tissue located outside of epimysium | fascia |
actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres |
basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere |
fasciculi composed of single muscle cells called | fibers |
single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers | motor unit |
outside of cell membrane has what type of charge | positive |
inside of cell membrane has what type of charge | negative |
change difference across the membrane | resting |
nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
reversal back of the charge | action potential |
muscle fiber will contact maximally | threshold |
beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
time of contraction | contraction phase |
muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
produced in the mitochondria | ATP |
constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
length of the muscle doesn't change, amount of tension increases | isometric |
amount of tension is constant during contraction, length of muscle changes | isotonic |
most stationary end of muscle | origin |
end of muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
portion of muscle between the origin and insertion | belly |
muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
raises the eyebrow | occipitofrontalis |
puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
sneering muscle | levator labii superioris |
frowning | depressor anguli oris |
chewing | mastification |
change the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscles |
move the tongue | extrinsic tongue muscles |
group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spinae |
muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles |
elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals |
accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm |
rotates scapula | trapezius |
pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
medially rotates, adducts, and extends the arm | latissimus dorsi |
extends the forearm | triceps branchii |
flexes the forearm | biceps branchii |
flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis |
flexes the wrist | flexor carpi |
extends the wrist | extensor carpi |
flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum |
extends the fingers | extensor digitorum |
buttocks | gluteus maximus |
extends the leg | quadriceps femoris |
flexes the thigh | sartorius |
posterior thigh muscles | hamstring |
forms the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus |
how many muscles are located in the foot | 20 muscles |
how many muscles are located in the hand | 19 muscles |
how many pairs of mastification muscles | 4 pairs |
list mastification muscles | 2 pair pterygoids, temporalis, masseter |
amount of oxygen needed for chemical reacts | oxygen debt |
without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
with oxygen (more efficient) | aerobic respiration |
short lived and unstable | ATP |
sliding of actin past myosin during contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
muscles are named according to their what | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function |
lateral muscles of the leg | peroneus |