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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four major characteristics of skeletal muscle | Contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity. |
| What do muscles help to produce that is essential for maintenance of normal body temperature? | Heat |
| Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle | Epimysium |
| Located outside epimysium, that surrounds & separates muscles. | Fascia |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | Fasciculi |
| Fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | Perimysium |
| Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective sheath called | Endomysium |
| A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other, the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with this | Myofibrils |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers | Actin myofilaments, and myosin myofilaments |
| Thin myofilaments, resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together. | Actin myofilaments |
| Thick myofilaments, they resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. | Myosin myofilaments |
| Actin and myofilaments form highly ordered units, which are joined end to end to form the myofibril | Sarcomeres |
| Extends from one Z line to anoher Z line | Sarcomere |
| The light area on each side of Z line | I band |
| Darker central region of sarcomere | A band |
| Nerve cells hat carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | Motor neurons |
| Neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell. | Acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzyme | Acetylcholinesterase |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called | sliding filament mechanism |
| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a new level called ________, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called the ___________. | Threshold. All or none response. |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | Lag phase |
| The time of contraction is called the | Contraction phase. |
| Time during which muscle relaxes | Relaxation phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called | Recruitment |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips. kissing muscle |
| Buccinator | flattens cheeks. Trumpeter's muscles. kissing muscle. |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing. 4 pairs of mastication muscles. 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masteer. |
| Intrisic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| Thoraic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "swimmer muscles" |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | tailors muscle; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle, join the calcaneal tendon. flex the foot and toes. |
| Basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | Sarcomere |
| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a __________ , or ________ , near the center of the cell. | neuromusclular junction synapse |
| Needed for energy for muscle contraction. Produced in Mitochondria. Short-lived and unstable. | ATP (adenosine triphospate) |
| ATP degenerates to the more stable | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) plus phospate |
| When at rest, muscles can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule called | Creatine phospate |
| Without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| With oxygen (more efficient) | Aerobic respiration |
| When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it is produced in the muscle cells | Muscle fatigue |
| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during contraction process | Isometric |
| The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | Isotonic |
| Refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight | muscle tone |
| Contract quickly and fatigue quickly, well adapted to to perform anaerobic metabolism | fast-twitch fibers |
| Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism. | slow-twitch fibers |
| most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. | insertion |
| portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another are called | antagonists |
| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desire movement, it is the | prime mover |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back, responsible for keeping the back straight and body erect |
| External intercostals | elevate ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forces expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. |
| Dome-shaped muscle | Aids in breathing. |
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Kassidymathis
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