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DM Anatomy Midterm 2
Epithelial Tissues and Bones
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue | highly packed cells; little extracellular matrix between the cells; all have apical and basal side; basement membrane; don't have any blood vessels; contain nerve fibers |
| How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients and oxygen | the blood vessels in the connective tissue under the basement membrane provide nutrients for cells through DIFFUSION |
| Function of Stratified Epithelium | protection and prevent abrasion, provide impermeable barrier |
| Function of Simple Epithelium | diffusion, osmosis or secretion |
| Characteristics of Pseudostratified Epithelium | made by one layer of the cells; cells have different height and their nuclei located at different levels; found in respiratory system such as trachea. |
| Characteristics of Transitional Epithelium | made of several layers of cells; superficial cells have dome shape; different thickness; found in urinary system |
| What are Three Components of Connective Tissue | Cells, Ground Substances and Fibers |
| What is the Matrix in connective tissue | Ground Substances and Fibers together |
| What is the Serous Membrane | Made of Simple Squamous Epithelium and Connective Tissue underneath the membrane.; two layers; visceral layer attached to surface of organs and parietal layer located farther from organs there is fluid between two layers. Covers organs that have constant |
| What is peritonitis | cause inflammation; accumulates in Peritoneum and Serous Membrane around organs digestive system because liver or kidney dysfunctions. |
| Function of the Serous Membrane | Layer Inhibits Friction between organs |
| What is the Order and Characteristics of each layer in epidermis from the deepest layer to the superficial layer | Stratum basale; stratum spinosum; stratum granulosum; stratum lucidum; stratum corneum |
| Stratum Basale | divides cells |
| Stratum Spinosum | desmosome |
| Stratum Granulosum | granules that contain keratohyallin |
| Stratum Lucidum | in thick skins |
| Stratum Corneum | keratinization |
| In which layer of epidermis dead cells can be found | Stratum Corneum |
| In which layer of epidermis cell division can take place | Stratum Basale |
| In which layer can be found just in thick skin and not found in thin skin? | Stratum Lucidum |
| What function of Langerhans cell? where can it be found in the epidermis? | Immunologic function. Located in Stratum Spinosum |
| What is the function of Melanocytes? where can it found in the epidermis? | Melanocytes makes melanin pigment and protect the Nuclei of the skin cells, especially in the Spinosum from UV light. Located in Stratum Basalis. |
| What are the two layers of dermis? | Papillary and reticular |
| What are the characteristics of Papillary Layer? Where is it located? | Made of loose connective tissue; it contains lots of blood vessels; provides nutrients to cells in epidermis; makes papilla right under epidermis. |
| What are the characteristics of Reticular layer? Where is it located? | Made by dens irregular connective tissue; located deep between Papillary layer of Dermis and Hypodermis; consist of skin derivatives: hair follicles; sweat glands; sebaceous glands. |
| What does happen to the amount of collagen and elastic fiber in Dermis by increasing the Age? | both decrease |
| What are the two types of Sweat Glands | Eccrine = merocrine and apocrine |
| Which type is important for thermoregulation in body | Eccrine |
| What is the goose bump? Name of structure that causes goose bump? | straightening of the hairs because of the smooth muscle contraction. the structure that cause the goose bump is ARECTOR Pili |
| What are the functions of bone? | Support, protection, movement, reservoir or minerals and adipose tissue, hematopoiesis |
| What are the SUPPORT functions of bone? | the bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, vertebral column support the weight of the erect body |
| What are the PROTECTION functions of bone? | the bones of the skull protect the brain |
| What are the MOVEMENT functions of bone? | skeletal muscles use the bones as levers to move the body |
| What are the HEMATOPOIESIS functions of bone? | all blood cells are made in the Marrow of certain bones |
| What minerals are stored in bones? | 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone |
| What tissue is found in bone and what part of the bone? | Adipose Tissue and its found in Marrow of certain bones |
| What are 3 different cells in the bone tissue? | Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts |
| Function of Osteoblasts | bone-building cells; synthesize and secret collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix (Osteoid). initiate Process of Calcification. |
| Function of Osteocytes | mature bone cells; trapped by secretion of matrix; no longer secrete matrix; maintain bone tissue and bone matrix; housed in Lacunae and connected thru Canaliculi. |
| Function of Osteoclasts | huge cells fused by 50 monocytes (white blood cells); cells digest bone matrix - called Bone Resorption. |
| What is Bone Resorption | Cells that digest bone matrix |
| Difference between Compact bone and Spongy bone | they have different arrangements in cells and bone matrix. Compact Bone - has osteons and lamella; and Spongy Bone has trabeculae. |
| What are the shared characteristics of the compact and spongy bone? | both have Osteocytes reside in Lacuna; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Calcium and Phosphate in their Matrix; and Matrix is hard in both |
| What is a bone marrow and where is it in children | Medullary Cavity - red bone marrow. located in long bone in bony struts of spongy bone in flat, short and irregular bones. Has Hematopoiesis function. |
| What is a bone marrow and where is it in adults | Medullary Cavity - fatty yellow bone marrow. The Hematopoietic cells are replaced by Adipocytes. |
| How are spongy bone and compact bone different in tolerance of stress | Spongy bone made in Trabeculae can tolerate stress from different directions that are not too strong. Compact bone receive stress from limited range and they are strong and heavy |
| What is Periosteum and its functions? | A membrane covers outside of bone. Made of connective tissue. Separates bones and other tissues. Has blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients, gasses and senses for bones. |
| What does the Periosteum contain for bone growth? | Osteoprogenitor cells for bone growth from the sides and repairs the bones. |
| What is Endosteum? | Connective tissue membrane - covers the inside of Medullary Cavity in long bones and the pores in spongy bone. Its located next to Bone Marrow. |
| How the cells in cartilage and bone receive their nutrients? what is the difference? | Cartilage don't have blood vessels in the matrix. Blood vessels are in perichondrim; Nutrients diffuse thru blood vessels to cells in cartilage (chondrocytes). |
| What is Epiphyseal plate? function? when can you see it? | Region between Epiphysis and Diaphysis of long bones. Consists of hyaline cartilage with chondrocytes - provides growth in long bone before puberty. |
| What is Epiphyseal line? when can you see it? | After Puberty the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bony tissue and converts to epiphyseal line in adults. The cells cannot divide, nor increase length of bone. |
| What is Intramembranous ossification | Forms flat bones. Like cranial bones of skull and clavicles. Bones will be made in Mesenchyme and fibrous membrane |
| What is Endochondral ossification | Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. Starts in cartilage model. Ossification forms the rest of the bones of the body which is the common ossification |
| Correlation between blood calcium levels and calcitonin | too much calcium in the blood causes secretion of calcitonin from thyroid gland - stimulates osteoblasts to make bones and inhibits osteoclasts. |
| Correlation between blood calcium leels and parathyroid hormone | too little calcium in the blood causes secretion of PTH or Pathormone from parathyroid gland that inhibits osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts to absorb bones and release calcium in blood - this is an example of negative feedback. |
| What is immovable joint? | two bones connected that cannot move; e.g. skull connected to site of sutures |
| What are highly movable joints? | two bones can move easily. e.g. joints in knee and shoulder. |
| What are the characteristics of synovial joint? | classified as diarthrosis - highly movable bones - found in upper and lower extremetes e.g. shoulder or knee. |
| General structure of synovial joint | articular cartilage, synovial (joint) cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligamen, fat pads and Minisci |
| What is osteoporosis | happens over 50; bone resorption occurs at a faster rate than bone deposition; bone becomes weak and break easily b/c bone mass drops and bone becomes porous |
| What causes Oseoporosis | caused by insufficient exercise; poor diet in calcium and protein; abnormal vitamin D receptors, smoking - reduces estrogen levels; hormone-related conditions |
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miataz
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