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Final Exam A&P II
urinary, reproductive, electrolyte balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does PCT stand for? | proximal convoluted tubule |
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | |
| Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation | High resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles Causes blood pressure to decline from ~95 mm Hg to ~8 mm Hg in kidneys |
| Intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) | 2/3 of fluid or 25 L in cells |
| Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF) | 1/3 of fluid or 15 L |
| Plasma (part of ECF) | 3 L |
| Interstitial Fluid | 12 L in spaces between cells |
| Fluid compartments | 40 L of fluid total |
| other ECF | lymph, CSF, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions |
| Composition of body fluids | water is the universal solvent solutes electrolytes nonelectrolytes Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes water moves according to osmotic gradients |
| electrolytes | inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins |
| nonelectrolytes | examples include glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea |
| intracellular fluids | low sodium and chloride chief cation: potassium chief anion: phosphate |
| extracellular fluid | chief cation: sodium chief anion: chloride |
| Water Balance and ECF Osmolality | water intake = water output = 2500 ml/day Increases in plasma osmolality trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| water intake | beverages (60%), food (30%), and metabolic water (10%) |
| water output | urine (60%), insensible water loss (skin and lungs) (28%), perspiration (8%), and feces (4%) |
| Dehydration | (-) water balance ECF water loss causes: hemorrhage, severe burns, vomiting/diarrhea, sweating, water deprivation, diuretics weight loss, fever, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock, and loss of electrolytes |
| Signs and symptoms of dehydration | Signs and symptoms: thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria |
| diploid | 46 chromosomes (2 sets) |
| haploid | 23 chromosomes (1 set) |
| respiratory acidosis | pH: less than 7.35 Indications: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide: 35-45 mm Diseases: Pneumonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis Compensation: |
| Respiratory alkalosis | pH: more than 7.45 Indications: partial pressure of carbon dioxide is LOW Diseases: severe pain, extreme stress Compensation: Kidneys reabsorb the hydrogen ions and secrete bicarbonate |
| Metabolic acidosis: | pH: less than 7.35 Indications: bicarbonate less than 22 Diseases: Diabetes, kidney failure, excessive loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea) Compensation: Lungs will compensate by hyperventilation (gets rid of excess hydrogen ions) |
| Metabolic alkalosis | pH: more than 7.45 Indications: bicarbonate more than 26 Diseases: Excessive vomiting, antacid abuse Compensation: Lungs will compensate by hypoventilation (conserves carbon dioxide until levels become normal) |
Created by:
davisobr
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