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Chapter 6
Skin & Membranes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Membrane | A thin, sheet like structure that may have many important functions in the body |
| Cutaneous Membrane | The skin; primary organ of integumentary system. |
| 3 types of Epithelial Tissue Membranes | Cutaneous, Serous, and Mucous |
| Parietal layer | The serous membrane that lines the wall of body cavity |
| Visceral | covers organs within body cavity |
| Pericardium | parietal and visceral layers line a fibrous sac around the heart and a visceral layer covers the heart wall |
| Pleura | parietal and visceral layers line walls of thoracic cavity and cover the lungs |
| Peritoneum | parietal and visceral layers line walls of abdominal cavity and cover the organs in that cavity |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity that line the walls and cover the abdominal organs [pericardiac friction rub] |
| Mucous Membranes | contain an epithelial layer and a fibrous connective tissue layer; produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist |
| Skin | Largest organ of the body |
| Epidermis | Outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin; composed of several layers of stratified squamous epithelium |
| Stratum Germinativum | innermost [deepest] layer of cells that continually reproduce, and new cells move toward the surface |
| Keratin | Tough, waterproof protein |
| Stratum Corneum | outermost layer of keratin-filled cells |
| Skin Pigment | The amount and type of melanin in your skin depends first on the skin color genes you have inherited; however, other factors such as sunlight exposure can modify this hereditary effect. |
| Skin Color Changes | (1) Sunlight promotes additional pigmentation (2) Pink flush indicates increased blood volume or increased blood oxygen (3) Cyanosis – bluish color of skin indicates decreased blood oxygen level |
| Dermal-epidermal junction | The deeper cells of the epidermis are packed tightly together; Gluelike layer between the dermis and epidermis; small bumps called dermal papillae help stabilize the junction |
| Blisters | caused by breakdown of union between cells or primary layers of skin |
| Dermis | The subcutaneous tissue is sometimes called the superficial fascia or hypodermis; deeper and thicker of the two primary skin layers and composed largely of connective tissue |
| Subcutaneous tissue | Also called the superficial fascia or hypodermis; Located deep to the dermis, but is not part of the skin; Loose fibrous and adipose tissue are prominent in this layer |
| Lanugo | Soft hair of fetus and newborn |
| Hair Papilla | Hair growth begins |
| Hair Follicle | Hair growth requires epidermal tube-like structure |
| Shaft | Hair root that lies hidden in follicle and visible part of hair |
| Root | Lies hidden in a groove and is hidden by cuticle |
| Arrector Pili | Smooth muscle of the skin that produces "goose bumps" and causes hair to stand up straight |
| Sensory Nerve Endings | make is possible for skin to act as a sense organ |
| Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscle | capable of detecting light touch |
| Lamellar (Pacini) Corpuscle | capable of detecting pressure |
| Eccrine Sweat Glands | Most numerous, important, and widespread of the sweat glands; Produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out through pores on skin surface; Function throughout life and assist in body heat regulation |
| Apocrine Glands | Found primarily in axilla and around genitalia; Secrete a thicker secretion quite different from eccrine perspiration; Breakdown of secretion by skin bacteria produces odor |
| Sebaceous Glands | secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin; Level of secretion increases during adolescence hormones; Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to form a blackhead |
| Functions of the Skin | Protection, Temperature, Sense of organ activity, Excretion, Synthesis of vitamin D |
| 4 types of Skin Cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma; Basal cell carcinoma; Malignant melanoma; Kaposi sarcoma |
| Causes of skin cancer | Genetic predisposition; Sun’s UV radiation damages skin cell DNA, causing mistakes during mitosis; Viral infection |
| Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) | Caused by Kaposi sarcoma – associated herpes virus (KSHV); Purple papules on skin surface, which quickly metastasize internally |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | common type of skin cancer; slow growing; lesion begin as painless, hard, raised nodules; will metastasize |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Originates in cells that base of epidermis – often on upper face; Lesions begin as small raised areas that erode in center, bleed, and crust over; Less likely to metastasize than other skin cancer types |
| Malignant Melonoma | Most serious form of skin cancer; May develop from benign, pigmented moles or excess UV radiation; Incidence in the United States is increasing; ABCDE rule of self-examination |
| Rule of Nines | Body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each; additional 1% of body surface area is around the genitals |
| First-Degree Burns | (partial-thickness) burns – only the surface layers of epidermis involved [typical sunburn] |
| Second-Degree Burns | (partial-thickness) burns – involve the deep epidermal layers and always cause injury to the upper layers of the dermis [With second-degree burns, complete destruction of the dermis does not occur; scarring is common.] |
| Third-Degree Burns | (full-thickness) burns – characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis [Third-degree burns are initially insensitive to pain but intense pain is soon experienced.] |
| Fourth-Degree Burns | full-thickness burns that extend to muscle or bone [Fourth-degree burns may require skin grafting or amputation of limbs.] |
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