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Federal government
Midterm/Chapters 1-8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| common goods | goods that all people may use but that are of limited supply |
| democracy | a form of government where political power rests in the hands of the people |
| direct democracy | a form of government where people participate directly in making government decisions instead of choosing representatives to do this for them |
| elite theory | claims political power rests in the hands of a small, elite group of people |
| government | the means by which a society organizes itself and allocates authority in order to accomplish collective goals |
| ideology | the beliefs and ideals that help to shape political opinion and eventually policy |
| intense preferences | beliefs and preferences based on strong feelings regarding an issue that someone adheres to over time |
| latent preferences | beliefs and preferences people are not deeply committed to and that change over time |
| majority rule | a fundamental principle of democracy; the majority should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole |
| minority rights | protections for those who are not part of the majority |
| monarchy | a form of government where one ruler, usually a hereditary one, holds political power |
| oligarchy | a form of government where a handful of elite society members hold political power |
| partisanship | strong support, or even blind allegiance, for a particular political party |
| pluralist theory | claims political power rests in the hands of groups of people |
| political power | influence over a government's institutions, leadership, or policies |
| politics | the process by which we decide how resources will be allocated and which policies government will pursue |
| private goods | goods provided by private businesses that can be used only by those who pay for them |
| public goods | goods provided by government that anyone can use and that are available to all without charge |
| representative democracy | a form of government where voters elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on behalf of all the people instead of allowing people to vote directly on laws |
| social capital | connections with others and the willingness to interact and aid them |
| toll good | a good that is available to many people but is used only by those who can pay the price to do so |
| totalitarianism | a form of government where government is all-powerful and citizens have no rights |
| Anti-Federalists | those who did not support ratification of the Constitution |
| Articles of Confederation | the first basis for the new nation's government; adopted in 1781; created an alliance of sovereign states held together by a weak central government |
| bicameral legislature | a legislature with two houses, such as the U.S. Congress |
| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution; most were designed to protect fundamental rights and liberties |
| checks and balances | a system that allows one branch of government to limit the exercise of power by another branch Supreme Court and other federal courts(judicial branch) can declare |
| confederation | a highly decentralized form of government; sovereign states form a union for purposes such as mutual defense |
| Declaration of Independence | a document written in 1776 in which the American colonists proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and listed their grievances against the British king |
| enumerated powers | the powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution (Article I, Section 8); power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs |
| federal system | a form of government in which power is divided between state governments and a national government |
| Federalists | those who supported ratification of the Constitution |
| Great Compromise | a compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a two house Congress; representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate |
| natural rights | the right to life, liberty, and property; believed to be given by a god; no government may take away |
| New Jersey Plan | a plan that called for a one-house national legislature; each state would receive one vote |
| republic | a form of government in which political power rests in the hands of the people, not a monarch, and is exercised by elected representatives |
| reserved powers | any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government; powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government |
| separation of powers | the sharing of powers among three separate branches of government |
| social contract | an agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to be governed so long as the government protects their natural rights |
| supremacy clause | the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures |
| The Federalist Papers | a collection of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the Constitution |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | a compromise between northern and southern states that called for counting of all a state's free population and 60 percent of its slave population for both federal taxation and representation in Congress |
| unicameral legislature | a legislature with only one house, like the Confederation Congress or the legislature proposed by the New Jersey Plan |
| veto | the power of the president to reject a law proposed by Congress |
| Virginia Plan | a plan for a two-house legislature; representatives would be elected to the lower house based on each state's population; representatives for the upper house would be chosen by the lower house |
| bill of attainder | legislative action declaring someone guilty without a trial; prohibited under the Constitution |
| block grant | a type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditions and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds |
| categorical grant | a federal transfer formulated to limit recipients' discretion in the use of funds and subject them to strict administrative criteria |
| concurrent powers | shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems |
| cooperative federalism | a style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, leading to the blending of layers as in a marble cake |
| creeping categorization | a process in which the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants or supplants them with new categorical grants |
| devolution | a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units |
| dual federalism | a style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction, creating a layer-cake view of federalism |
| elastic clause | the last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government "to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying" out all its constitutional responsibilities |
| ex post facto law | a law that criminalizes an act retroactively; prohibited under the Constitution |
| federalism | an institutional arrangement that creates two relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on the people with authority granted by the national constitution |
| full faith and credit clause | found in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution, this clause requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states; also referred to as the comity provision |
| general revenue sharing | a type of federal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money |
| immigration federalism | the gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handled by the federal government |
| new federalism | a style of federalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes |
| nullification | a doctrine promoted by John Calhoun of South Carolina in the 1830s, asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders |
| privileges and immunities clause | found in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights |
| race-to-the-bottom | a dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers' detriment |
| unfunded mandates | federal laws and regulations that impose obligations on state and local governments without fully compensating them for the costs of implementation |
| unitary system | a centralized system of government in which the subnational government is dependent on the central government, where substantial authority is concentrated |
| venue shopping | a strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals |
| writ of habeas corpus | a petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person's detention is legal |
| blue law | a law originally created to uphold a religious or moral standard, such as a prohibition against selling alcohol on Sundays |
| civil liberties | limitations on the power of government, designed to ensure personal freedoms |
| civil rights | guarantees of equal treatment by government authorities |
| common-law right | a right of the people rooted in legal tradition and past court rulings, rather than the Constitution |
| conscientious objector | a person who claims the right to refuse to perform military service on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion |
| double jeopardy | a prosecution pursued twice at the same level of government for the same criminal action |
| due process clause | provisions of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments that limit government power to deny people "life, liberty, or property" on an unfair basis |
| economic liberty | the right of individuals to obtain, use, and trade things of value for their own benefit |
| eminent domain | the power of government to take or use property for a public purpose after compensating its owner; also known as the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment |
| establishment clause | the provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from endorsing a state-sponsored religion; interpreted as preventing government from favoring some religious beliefs over others or religion over non-religion |
| exclusionary rule | a requirement, from Supreme Court case Mapp v. Ohio, that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure cannot be used to try someone for a crime |
| free exercise clause | the provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from regulating religious beliefs and practices |
| Miranda warning | a statement by law enforcement officers informing a person arrested or subject to interrogation of his or her rights |
| obscenity | acts or statements that are extremely offensive by contemporary standards |
| Patriot Act | a law passed by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks that broadened federal powers to monitor electronic communications; the full name is the USA PATRIOT Act |
| plea bargain | an agreement between the defendant and the prosecutor in which the defendant pleads guilty to the charge(s) in question or perhaps to less serious charges, in exchange for more lenient punishment than if convicted after a full trial |
| prior restraint | a government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book he or she plans to release) |
| probable cause | legal standard for determining whether a search or seizure is constitutional or a crime has been committed; a lower threshold than the standard of proof needed at a criminal trial |
| right to privacy | the right to be free of government intrusion |
| search warrant | a legal document, signed by a judge, allowing police to search and/or seize persons or property |
| selective incorporation | the gradual process of making some guarantees of the Bill of Rights (so far) apply to state governments and the national government |
| self-incrimination | an action or statement that admits guilt or responsibility for a crime |
| Sherbert test | a standard for deciding whether a law violates the free exercise clause; a law will be struck down unless there is a "compelling governmental interest" at stake and it accomplishes its goal by the "least restrictive means" possible |
| symbolic speech | a form of expression that does not use writing or speech but nonetheless communicates an idea (e.g., wearing an article of clothing to show solidarity with a group) |
| undue burden test | a means of deciding whether a law that makes it harder for women to seek abortions is constitutional |
| affirmative action | the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination |
| American Indian Movement (AIM) | the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973 |
| black codes | laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights |
| Brown v. Board of Education | the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional in public education |
| Chicano | a term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them |
| civil disobedience | an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust |
| comparable worth | a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions |
| coverture | a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased |
| de facto segregation | segregation that results from the private choices of individuals |
| de jure segregation | segregation that results from government discrimination |
| direct action | civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations |
| disenfranchisement | the revocation of someone's right to vote |
| equal protection clause | a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex |
| glass ceiling | an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization—including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations |
| grandfather clause | the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified |
| hate crime | harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person's sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability |
| intermediate scrutiny | the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women |
| Jim Crow laws | state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction |
| literacy tests | tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed "separate but equal" racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| poll tax | annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote |
| rational basis test | the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens |
| Reconstruction | the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union |
| Stonewall Inn | a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there |
| strict scrutiny | standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the govt to demonstrate a compelling govt interest is at stake and no alternative means are avail to accomplish its goals |
| Title IX | the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex |
| Trail of Tears | the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839 |
| understanding tests | tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise black voters |
| white primary | a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote |
| agent of political socialization | a person or entity that teaches and influences others about politics through use of information |
| bandwagon effect | increased media coverage of candidates who poll high |
| Bradley effect | the difference between a poll result and an election result in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist |
| classical liberalism | a political ideology based on belief in individual liberties and rights and the idea of free will, with little role for government |
| communism | a political and economic system in which, in theory, government promotes common ownership of all property, means of production, and materials to prevent the exploitation of workers |
| covert content | ideologically slanted information presented as unbiased information in order to influence public opinion |
| diffuse support | the widespread belief that a country and its legal system are legitimate |
| exit poll | an election poll taken by interviewing voters as they leave a polling place |
| fascism | a political system of total control by the ruling party or political leader over the economy, the military, society, and culture and often the private lives of citizens |
| favorability poll | a public opinion poll that measures a public's positive feelings about a candidate or politician |
| heuristics | shortcuts or rules of thumb for decision making |
| horserace coverage | day-to-day media coverage of candidate performance in the election |
| leading question | a question worded to lead a respondent to give a desired answer |
| margin of error | a number that states how far the poll results may be from the actual preferences of the total population of citizens |
| modern conservatism | a political ideology that prioritizes individual liberties, preferring a smaller government that stays out of the economy |
| modern liberalism | a political ideology focused on equality and supporting government intervention in society and the economy if it promotes equality |
| overt content | political information whose author makes clear that only one side is presented |
| political culture | the prevailing political attitudes and beliefs within a society or region |
| political elite | a political opinion leader who alerts the public to changes or problems |
| political socialization | the process of learning the norms and practices of a political system through others and societal institutions |
| public opinion | a collection of opinions of an individual or a group of individuals on a topic, person, or event |
| push poll | politically biased campaign information presented as a poll in order to change minds |
| random sample | a limited number of people from the overall population selected in such a way that each has an equal chance of being chosen |
| representative sample | a group of respondents demographically similar to the population of interest |
| socialism | a political and economic system in which government uses its authority to promote social and economic equality, providing everyone with basic services and equal opportunities and requiring citizens with more wealth to contribute more |
| straw poll | an informal and unofficial election poll conducted with a non-random population |
| theory of delegate representation | a theory that assumes the politician is in office to be the voice of the people and to vote only as the people want |
| traditional conservatism | a political ideology supporting the authority of the monarchy and the church in the belief that government provides the rule of law |
| ballot fatigue | the result when a voter stops voting for offices and initiatives at the bottom of a long ballot |
| caucus | a form of candidate nomination that occurs in a own-hall style format rather than a day-long election; usually reserved for presidential elections |
| chronic minority | voters who belong to political parties that tend not to be competitive in national elections because they are too small to become a majority or because of the Electoral College system distribution in their state |
| closed primary | an election in which only voters registered with a party may vote for that party's candidates |
| coattail effect | the result when a popular presidential candidate helps candidates from his or her party win their own elections |
| delegates | party members who are chosen to represent a particular candidate at the party's state- or national-level nominating convention |
| district system | the means by which electoral votes are divided between candidates based on who wins districts and/or the state |
| early voting | an accommodation that allows voting up to two weeks before Election Day |
| Electoral College | the constitutionally created group of individuals, chosen by the states, with the responsibility of formally selecting the next U.S. president |
| incumbency advantage | the advantage held by officeholders that allows them to often win reelection |
| incumbent | the current holder of a political office |
| initiative | law or constitutional amendment proposed and passed by the voters and subject to review by the state courts; also called a proposition |
| midterm elections | the congressional elections that occur in the even-numbered years between presidential election years, in the middle of the president's term |
| open primary | an election in which any registered voter may vote in any party's primary or caucus |
| platform | the set of issues important to the political party and the party delegates |
| political action committees (PACs) | organizations created to raise money for political campaigns and spend money to influence policy and politics |
| recall | the removal of a politician or government official by the voters |
| referendum | a yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government |
| residency requirement | the stipulation that citizen must live in a state for a determined period of time before a citizen can register to vote as a resident of that state |
| shadow campaign | a campaign run by political action committees and other organizations without the coordination of the candidate |
| straight-ticket voting | the practice of voting only for candidates from the same party |
| super PACs | officially known as Independent Expenditure-Only Committees; organizations that can fundraise and spend as they please to support or attack a candidate but not contribute directly to a candidate or strategize with a candidate's campaign |
| top-two primary | a primary election in which the two candidates with the most votes, regardless of party, become the nominees for the general election |
| voter fatigue | the result when voters grow tired of voting and stay home from the polls |
| voting-age population | the number of citizens over eighteen |
| voting-eligible population | the number of citizens eligible to vote |
| winner-take-all system | all electoral votes for a state are given to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state |
| agenda setting | the media's ability to choose which issues or topics get attention |
| beat | the coverage area assigned to journalists for news or stories |
| citizen journalism | video and print news posted to the Internet or social media by citizens rather than the news media |
| cultivation theory | the idea that media affect a citizen's worldview through the information presented |
| digital paywall | the need for a paid subscription to access published online material |
| equal-time rule | an FCC policy that all candidates running for office must be given the same radio and television airtime opportunities |
| fairness doctrine | a 1949 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy, now defunct, that required holders of broadcast licenses to cover controversial issues in a balanced manner |
| framing | the process of giving a news story a specific context or background |
| Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) | a federal statute that requires public agencies to provide certain types of information requested by citizens |
| hypodermic theory | the idea that information is placed in a citizen's brain and accepted |
| indecency regulations | laws that limit indecent and obscene material on public airwaves |
| libel | printed information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization |
| mass media | the collection of all media forms that communicate information to the general public |
| minimal effects theory | the idea that the media have little effect on citizens |
| muckraking | news coverage focusing on exposing corrupt business and government practices |
| party press era | period during the 1780s in which newspaper content was biased by political partisanship |
| priming | the process of predisposing readers or viewers to think a particular way |
| prior restraint | a government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book he or she plans to release) |
| public relations | communication intended to improve the image of people, companies, or organizations |
| reporter's privilege | the right of a journalist to keep a source confidential |
| slander | spoken information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization |
| soft news | news presented in an entertaining style |
| sunshine laws | laws that require government documents and proceedings to be made public |
| yellow journalism | sensationalized coverage of scandals and human interest stories |
| Commerce clause | Describes an enumerated power listed in the U.S. Constitution stating shall have power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations |
| Cooperative Federalism | Concept in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve problems |
| Expressed powers clause | 27 total, power to tax and spend for defense |
| Freedom of conscience clause | Permit health care providers to not give medical advice for reasons of religion |
| Holt vs. Hobbs | Legal case of Arkansas prison policy prohibiting a Muslim to grow his beard was violating |
| Lawrence vs. Texas | Struck down the sodomy law in TX |
| McCulloch vs. Maryland | Implied powers under the necessary and proper clause to create a second bank |
| Necessary and proper clause | Enables congress to make laws required for the exercise of its other powers established by Congress |
| Political efficacy | Citizens’ faith and trust in government and their belief that they can understand |
| Political equality | The extent to which citizens have an equal voice over government decisions |
| Political ideology | Set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement |
| Popular sovereignty | The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of the people through election |
| Preamble to the Constitution | Brief introductory statement of the Constitution’s fundamental purposes and guiding principles |
| The Constitution | Supreme law of the U.S. including the Bill of Rights |
| Segregation or discrimination | Separation of people into racial or ethnic groups |
| Which of the following is a good example of a tradeoff? | The government pleases environmental activists by preserving public lands but also pleases ranchers by allowing them to rent public lands for grazing purposes. |
| The United States government is an example of a direct democracy. T/F | False |
| What argument did Alexander Hamilton use to convince people that it was not dangerous to place power in the hands of one man? | One man could respond to crises more quickly than a group of men like Congress. It was easier to control the actions of one man than the actions of a group |
| How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention resolve their disagreement regarding slavery? | It was agreed that 60 percent of a state’s slave population would be counted for purposes of both representation and taxation. |
| British colonists in North America in the late seventeenth century were greatly influenced by the political thought of ________. | John Locke |
| the Fourteenth Amendment extended protections to the states of the same federal freedoms granted by the Bill of Rights. T/F | True |
| _________ is the last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government “to make allLaws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying” out all its constitutional responsibilities | elastic clause |
| Shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems are known as concurrent powers T/F | True |
| Under the Constitution, it is permissible to have laws that criminalize an act retroactively. T/F | False |
| Which statement is most accurate about the sources of revenue for local and state governments? | Between 30 and 40 percent of the revenue for local and state governments comes from grant money. |
| The privileges and immunities clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights. T/F | True |
| An ex post facto law is a legislative action declaring someone guilty without a trial T/F | False |
| Which statement about new federalism is not true? | President Reagan was able to promote new federalism consistently throughout his administration. |
| Which statement about federal and unitary systems is most accurate? | In a federal system, the constitution allocates powers between states and federal government; in a unitary system, powers are lodged in the national government. |
| The Third Amendment can be thought of as ________ | forming part of a broader conception of privacy in the home that is also protected by the Second and Fourth Amendments |
| The Fourth Amendment’s requirement for a warrant ________ | does not apply when there is a serious risk that evidence will be destroyed before a warrant can be issued |
| The Supreme Court decision ruling that “separate but equal” was constitutional and allowed racial segregation to take place was ________. | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| The equal protection clause became part of the Constitution as a result of ________ | the Fourteenth Amendment |
| Brown v. Board of Education established the principle of “separate but equal." T/F | False |
| Disenfranchisement means denying one's right to vote T/F | True |
| Which of the following rights is not protected by the Sixth Amendment? | the right to remain silent |
| The Fourteenth Amendment was critically important for civil liberties because it ________ | helped start the process of selective incorporation of the Bill of Rights |
| Which of the following would not be part of a scientific poll design? | leading question |
| Which of the following is likely the most influential agent of political socialization? | family member |
| Which factor affects congressional approval ratings the most? | presidential actions |
| The following is an example of a leading question: "An overwhelming majority of Americans disapprove of the President. Do you approve or disapprove of the President?" T/F | True |
| A poll states that a candidate will receive 43 percent of the vote. There is an 8 percent margin of error. What should you think of the poll? | It is a non-representative poll and the margin of error is too high. |
| An election in which only voters registered with a party may vote for that party’s candidates is known as an open primary. T/F | False |
| The current holder of a political office is called an incumbent. T/F | True |
| Citizen select who will be President when they vote on election day. T/F | False |
| Where and when do Electoral College electors vote? | in their state capitol, in December |
| Susan is currently working two part-time jobs and is frustrated about the poor economy. On Election Day, she votes for every challenger on the ballot, because she feels the president and Congress are not doing enough to help her. What type of vote? | retrospective |
| When acting as an agenda setter, the media ________. | decides which issues deserve public attention |
| Libel is spoken information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization. T/F | False |
| A local station that broadcasts national network programming is called a(an) ________ station. | affiliate |
| Indecency regulations are laws that limit indecent and obscene material on all airwaves. T/F | False |
| The Supreme Court determined that the right of the press to print classified material ________ | is partial, and the press may print classified material only if it does not compromise troops or covert operatives |
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