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Psych development
ch 5 Development and aging of the body system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| skeletal system | individual structure, is living tissue |
| Ossification | the natural process of bone formation |
| Ossification centers | The site where bone begins to form |
| two types of ossification centers | Primary and Secondary |
| The primary ossification centers | in the midportion of the shafts of long bones, from the Center outward to form bone shafts |
| Active secondary ossification centers | are found at the end of the bone shafts -indicated on X rays by a line that is a layer of cartilage cells -Also called a pressure epiphysis |
| when does almost all epiphyseal plates are close? | by age 18-19 |
| epiphyseal plates close at younger ages in girls or boys? | girls 15.5 but boys at 18.1 |
| Appositional bone growth | (physical thickness) involves addition of new layers on previously formed layers so that a bone grows in girth |
| Osgood-Schlatter disease | irritation of the traction epiphysis where the patellar tendon attaches to the shin bone below the knee |
| Imagine you are the parent of a youth boy who is the pitcher on his youth baseball team. He already practices once a week and plays weekly games. The coach wants him to join another 2nd team to get more pitching experience. Would you consent? | Does it depend on what the kid wants? What’s a young boy? How much pitching during each game ?Overuse elbow joint, Right mechanics, Same motion each time , Motivation |
| Youth bones | new bone is formed faster than older bone is resorbed, allowing for growth |
| Adulthood bones | -bone formation begins to slow -loss of bone tissue from mid-20s at 1% of bone mass per year |
| Older adults have how much more inorganic material? | 7x more |
| Why does bone loss with aging occur? | -Related to changes in hormone levels, dietary deficiencies, and decreased exercise -Decreased levels of estrogen in post-menopausal women --> more likely to get Osteoporosis |
| Osteoporosis | is a major bone mineral disorder characterized by a bone mineral density significantly below the average -higher in adult women - decreased estrogen levels |
| As the bone becomes Porous what happens? | it increases the risk of fractures and complicates fracture repair |
| Avascular Necrosis | complete bone death |
| What Strategies we can implement to minimize the bone loss in adulthood? | -exercise -Diet |
| sarcomeres | think lines, grooves, or dents on the muscle line |
| Sarcopenia | lose muscle mass |
| Early Development of the Muscular System – Male | During and after adolescence, muscle mass increases rapidly up to about age 17 (54% of body weight) |
| Early Development of the Muscular System - female | Only add muscle mass until age 13 (45% of body weight) |
| Type 1 muscle fiber | -slow twitch -endurance activities |
| Type 2 muscle fiber | -fast twitch -intense short duration activities |
| Between the mid-20s and age 50 how much skeletal muscle is lost ? | Only 10% is lost |
| what decreases accounting for the muscle loss? | Both the number of fibers and the size of the fibers |
| where do boys gain fat? | add more subcutaneous fat to their trunks than to their limbs |
| Where do girls gain fat? | increased subcutaneous fat at both slides |
| What is the difference between the primary and secondary ossification centers? As it relates to the skeletal? | -Bone development -Primary: Center --> more dense -Secondary: Ends points of long bones --> length |
| Ossification differ by sex? | -Female growth rate is sooner -Males grow for longer & faster |
| What is appositional bone growth? | Girth/thickness |
| Youth skeletal muscle | New bone growth |
| Adults skeletal muscle | Bone formation begins to slow & bone mass loss |
| Why does bone loss with aging occur | Dietary deficiencies , Hormonal |
| How do muscle fibers grow? | Hypertrophy (size) & Hyperplasia (# of cells) |
| Muscle growth occurs predominantly by what? | hypertrophy @ birth |
| Why do we lose muscle mass as we age? | Life style changes |
| Is the presence of adipose tissue bad? | No |
| T/F A fat baby will become a fat child | False, , but not until childhood years of age it becomes an indicator |
| Differences in how we put on fat tissue based off of sex. | Trunk – similar between boys and girls Extremities – higher for girls than boys |
| Is the increase in fat weight with aging inevitable? | No |
| Endocrine system | This system chemically controls the various functions of cells, tissues, and organs through the secretion of hormones |
| Hormones | are chemical substances secreted into body fluids by a gland |
| Growth Hormone | -Stimulates Protein anabolism so that new tissue can be built -Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and influences growth in childhood and adolescence |
| Thyroid Hormones | Secreted by the thyroid gland, located in the anterior neck region, and influence whole-body growth and skeletal growth |
| Gonadal Hormones | Affect growth and sexual maturation (particularly during adolescence) by stimulating development of the secondary sex characteristics and the sex organs |
| Androgens also play a role in the adolescent growth spurt of muscle mass. Who is it more pronounced in? | -Men secrete both testosterone and adrenal androgens (in men) -Women only produce the adrenal androgens |
| Insulin | -Influences glucose metabolism which indirectly affects development -Produced in the pancreas |
| Gradual imbalance (cause of aging) theories | suggests that over time the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system gradually fail to function |
| thyroid function | hypothyroidism = acceleration of aging systems; increased thyroid hormone levels = congestive heart failure risk |
| Gonadal hormone levels ↓ with age | estrogen levels ↓ after menopause which can lead to osteoporosis |
| Diabetes incidence ↑s with age | likely related to inability of body to use insulin |
| What can we do to counteract these hormonal effects of aging? | hormonal replacement theory |
| Nervous system | This system controls movement and speech and is the site of thinking, analysis, and memory |
| Neurons | are the cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit information |
| neurons are in the final location by | the sixth prenatal month, and then specialize |
| synapse | is a connection between two neurons; it is made by the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters from an axon |
| Assume you have just found out you will be a new mother. What | Sushi, tuna (mercury), raw meats, caffeine, deli meats, raw unpasteurized milk |
| The migration of neurons and the branching of their processes are susceptible to effects of environmental factors delivered via ... | the fetal nourishment system |
| Nicotine | ↑ risk of mental retardation |
| Alcohol | fetal alcohol syndrome |
| At birth how heavy is the brain ? | 25% of adult weight and this increases to 80% by 4 years of age |
| Glial cells | support and nourish the neurons |
| Myelin | insulating sheath around the axons |
| Does brain function declines with age due to loss of neurons, synapses? | -Yes, these losses happen with age and likely contribute to changes in motor behavior. -But a lot of new research said the brain is quite plastic, adaptable and malleable |
| what can play a key role in minimizing the loss of neurons and synapses with aging? | Regular vigorous Exercise |
Created by:
rmart11
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