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LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYS
Fundamentals of Body Structures and Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The lymphatic system consists of a | a liquid called lymph. |
| The lymphatic system consists of: | Ducts which transport lymph called lymph vessels |
| Circulation (movement) of lymph through the lymph vessels is maintained by normal contractions of the | skeletal muscles. |
| The lymphatic system consists of | Lymph tissue located in the oropharynx and nasopharynx called tonsils |
| The oropharynx is the | mouth and throat |
| The nasopharynx is the | nose and throat |
| The lymphatic system consists of | the largest mass of lymphatic tissue located in the mediastinum called the thymus gland |
| The mediastinum is the area between the | sternum (breast bone) and vertebrae (back bones) |
| The lymphatic system consists of | Lymphatic tissue located in the septa of the small intestine (small bowel) abbreviated PP which stands for Peyer's patches |
| Septa are | walls |
| The lymphatic system consists of | Red bone marrow aka myeloid tissue. |
| Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) physiology includes | hemopoiesis which means creation (formation) of blood cells. |
| The lymphatic system consists of | bean-shaped lymph tissue located along the entire length of the lymph vessels (ducts) called lymph nodes. |
| Lymph vessels transport fluid called | lymph |
| Three areas of lymph node concentration (collection) include: | 1. Cervical lymph nodes located in the neck. |
| Lymph nodes are bean-shaped lymphatic tissue located along the entire length of the | lymph vessels. |
| Edema of neck lymph nodes is called | cervical lymphadenopathy |
| Edema means | swelling |
| Three areas of lymph node concentration include | 2. Axillary lymph nodes located in the armpits |
| Edema of armpit lymph nodes is called | axillary lymphadenopathy. |
| Three areas of lymph node concentration include | 3. Inguinal or iliac llymph nodes located in the groin. |
| Edema swelling of the groin lymph nodes is called | inguinal lymphadenopathy. |
| Inguinal is aka | iliac. |
| Physiologies of the lymphatic system include: | 1. Transporting fats from the digestive system to the blood. |
| Physiologies of the lymphatic system include: | 2. Producing leukocytes called lymphocytes |
| Leukocytes are | white blood cells (WBCs) |
| Physiologies of the lymphatic system include: | 3. Developing resistance to diseases called immunity. |
| Physiologies of the lymphatic system include: | 4. Draining fluid that escapes (oozes) from the microscopic arteries and veins called capillaries. |
| Fluid that escapes (seeps) from capillaries is called | interstitial fluid. |
| Interstitial means the | spaces between the body cells. |
| The result of insufficient drainage of interstitial fluid is swelling called | edema (edematous) |
| TONSILS Three groups of tonsils include | 1. Palatine tonsils located in the tonsillar fossae (depressions) between the pharngopalatine and glossopalatine arches on either side of the posterior os (opening) of the oral cavity. |
| Three groups of tonsils include: | 2. Pharyneal tonsils aka the adenoids. |
| Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located adjacent (next) to the internal orifice (meatus) of the | nasopharynx (nose and throat). |
| Three groups of tonsils include: | 3. Lingual tonsils located on the posterior base of the tongue (lingua) |
| In these positions the palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and inguinal tonsils form a protective ring against antigens that that might enter the | oral cavity (mouth) or nasal cavity (nose). |
| SPLEEN The spleen is the largest mass (collection) of | lymphatic tissue |
| The spleen is located in the left (L) hypochondriac region of the abdomen adjacent to the | stomach |
| Physiologies of the spleen include filtering blood to | phagocytize which means eat (swallow) a. Antigens aka pathogens (disease creators) |
| Physiologies of the spleen include filtering blood in order to phagocytize | b. Worn out hrombocytes aka clot cells or platelets. |
| Physiologies of the spleen include filtering blood in order to phagocytize: | c. Worn out erythrocyte aka red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Physiologies (functions) of the spleen include | 2. -recycling Hgb from the worn out RBCs to be reused by newly formed erythrocytes. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the spleen include | 3. Acting as a reservoir for blood |
| Physiologies (functions) of the spleen include | 4. Producing leukocytes called lymphocytes which are white blood cells (WBCs) |
| PEYER'S PATCHES Peyer's patches resemble | tonsils |
| Peyer's patches are located in the septa (walls) of the small intestine which includes the | duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| The physiology of Peyer's patches (PP) is to prevent antigens from infecting the septa (walls) of the | small intestine aka small bowel |
| THYMUS The thymus gland is a bilobed mass of lymphatic tissue located between the sternum and vertebrae called | the mediastinum |
| Bilobed means | 2 sections |
| The thymus reaches maximum size | during late adolescence (18-19) and decreases in size as we age. |
| The thymus is responsible for the maturation (ripening) of the | T lymphocytes aka T cells |
| Functions of the CD8 T lymphocytes include: | Destruction of body cells that have been invaded by viruses. |
| CD8 T lymphocytes are otherwise known as | killer cells |
| Functions of the CD8T lymphocytes include | Destruction of abnormal cells called cancer cells. |
| Functions of the CD4T lymphocytes include | Helping the CD8 T lymphocytes |
| CD4 T lymphocytes are otherwise known as | Helper cells |
| Functions of the CD4T lymphocytes include: | Helping the lymphocytes that produce antibodies (immune proteins) called B lymphocytes (B cells) |
| Physiologies (functions) of the CD4 T lymphocytes include: | Helping the activation of monocytes (phagocytic). |
| A CD4 T lymphocyte count that is less than 200 indicates (shows) the transition from HIV infection to AIDS which stands for | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. |
| Transition means | change |
| RED BONE MARROW Red bone marrow is otherwise known as | myeloid tissue |
| The physiology of myeloid tissue is: | Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) which means formation (creation) of blood cells. |
| Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) is responsible for | Maturation of the lymphocytes that produce antibodies called B lymphocytes otherwise known as B cells |
| Maturation means | ripening |
| Larger quantities (amounts) of red bone marrow are found in the | 1. Sternum otherwise known as the breastbone. |
| Red bone marrow is otherwise known as | myeloid tissue |
| Larger amounts of red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) are found in the: | 2. Vertebrae otherwise known as the back bones or spinal column. |
| Quantities means | amounts |
| Larger quantities of red bone marrow are found in the | 3. Costae otherwise known as the ribs. |
| Larger quantities of red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) are found in the: | 4. Ilia which form the superior portion (part) of the pelvis. |
| Larger quantities of red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) are found in the: | 5. Proximal and distal portions (parts) of each superior (upper) arm bone called the humerus. |
| Proximal and distal means: | beginning and end. |
| Larger quantities of red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) are found in the: | 6. Each superior leg bone called the femur. |
| Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) consists of: | undifferentiated cells called stem cells. |
| Stem cells replicate and form | blood cells. |
| Replicate means | copy (duplicate) |
| Some stem cells in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) become: | erythrocytes other known as red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Stem cells are | undifferentiated cells (undecided) |
| Some stem cells in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) become: | thrombocytes other known as clot cells or platelets. |
| A count of the five different leukocytes is abbreviated: | diff which stands for differential |
| Leukocytes are otherwise known as | white blood cells or (WBCs) |
| The five types of leukocytes include: | 1. Monocytes (phagocytes) 2. Neutrophils (phagocytes) 3. Eosinophils (allergies) 4. Lymphocytes (produce antibodies) 5. Basophils (release histamine and heparin to increase circulation. |
| IMMUNITY Immunity means | protection |
| Immunity to antigens (disease creators) requires: | B lymphocytes otherwise known as B cells |
| Some B lymphocytes (B cells) produce: | antibodies. |
| Antibodies are: | Immune proteins that tag antigens for destruction by the immune system. |
| Antigens are: | disease creators. |
| Other B lymphocytes (B cells) become dormant but will respond with rapid antibody (immune protein) production during subsequent (future) exposures to: | the same antigen. |
| Dormant means | hibernating. |
| Dormant (hibernating) B lymphocytes (B cells) are called: | memory B lymphocytes or memoy B cells. |
| Memory B lymphocytes or memory B cells are responsible for | lasting immunity. |
| B lymphocytes (B cells) will produce: | antibodies (immune proteins) when: 1. A person contracts an antigen which is a disease creator. |
| Contracts means | acquires gets) |
| B lymphocytes (B cells) will produce antibodies when: | 2. A person is exposed to an attenuated antigen which means crippled disease creator. |
| Antibodies are | immune proteins. |
| Antibodies are specialized which means: | they tag only a specific (particular) antigen. |
| The five different types of antibodies (immune proteins) are: | 1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 2. Immunoglobulin M(IgM) 3. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 4. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) 5. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) |
| Physiologies (functions) of the five (5) major types of antibodies (immune proteins) include: | 1. IgG (bacterial and viral infections) 2. IgM (protects blood and lymph) 3. IgA (protects mucous membranes) 4. IgD (protects abdomen and chest) 5. IgE (protects against all allergies) |
| Attenuated antigens and inactivated antigens are otherwise known as: | vaccinations or immunizations or innoculations. |
| Vaccinations do not cause disease but stimulate (cause) the | B lymphocytes (B cells) to create immune proteins called antibodies. |
| Vaccinations are otherwise known as: | Immunizations or innoculations. |
| Antibody production sometimes requires multiple exposures to an: | attenuated (crippled) antigen or inactivated (dead) antigen called booster immunization (vaccinations). |
| IMMUNIZATION MMR stands for: | 1. Measles otherwise known as rubeola. 2. Mumps otherwise known as parotitis 3. Rubella otherwise known as German measles. |
| Brand (trade or product) names for the measles (rubeola), mumps (parotitis) and rubella (German measles) MMR vaccine include: | Tresivac and Trimovax (three and vaccine) |
| DPT stands for: | 1. Diphtheria 2. Pertussis 3. Tetanus |
| Pertussis is otherwise known as | whooping cough. |
| Brand (trade or product) names for the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccine include: | DTaP ages 1-7 (Daptacel) and Tdap - booster (Adacel and Boostrix) |
| VZV stands for | varicella zoster virus. |
| The varicella zoster virus (VZV) can cause: | chickenpox |
| A brand (trade or product) name for the varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine is | Varivax. |
| HAV stands for | hepatitis A virus |
| A brand name for the hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine is | Havrix |
| HBV stands for | hepatitis B virus |
| Brand (trade or product) for the hepatitis B virus vaccine include: | 1. Hepatovax and 2. Energix B and 3. Recombivax HB |
| MCV stands for | meningococcal vaccine |
| The meningococcal vaccine (MCV) is a prophylaxis for: | meningitis |
| Prophylaxis means | prevention or protection |
| Brand (trade or product) names for the MCV include: | 1. Menomune and 2. Menactra. |
| HPV stands for: | human papilloma virus |
| The human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause: | lesions on the genitals called genital warts and can increase the risk of cervical malignancies by 75%. |
| A brand (trade or product) name for the HPV vaccine is: | Gardasil |
| Herpes zoster is also known as | Shingles |
| A brand (trade or product) name for the herpes zoster vaccine is | Zostavax. |
| RV stands for: | rotavirus |
| The rotavirus (RV) can cause | severe diarrhea (>10 diarrhea stools/day) in infants and children. |
| A brand (trade or product) name for the rotavirus (RV) vaccine is | RotaTeq. |
| A blood test to determine the amount of specific (particular) immune protein present is called an | antibody titer |
| An antibody titer will indicate | exposure and/or immunity to an antigen (disease creator. |
Created by:
bterrelonge
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