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Openstax A&P Ch 1
Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abdominopelvic cavity | division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera |
| anabolism | assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules |
| anatomical position | standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body |
| Anatomy | science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures |
| Anterior | describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral |
| Anterior cavity | (ventral cavity) larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; |
| Catabolism | breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules |
| Caudal | describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior |
| Cell | smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles |
| Computed tomography (CT) | medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained |
| Control center | compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector |
| Cranial | describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior |
| Cranial Cavity | division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain |
| Deep | describes a position farther from the surface of the body |
| Development | changes an organism goes through during its life |
| Differentiation | process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Distal | describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body |
| Dorsal | describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior |
| Dorsal cavity | posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity |
| Effector | organ that can cause a change in a value |
| Frontal plane | two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions |
| Gross anatomy | study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy |
| Growth | process of increasing in size |
| Homeostasis | steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain |
| Inferior | describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal |
| Lateral | describes the side or direction toward the side of the body |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body |
| Medial | describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body |
| Metabolism | sum of all the body’s chemical reactions |
| Microscopic anatomy | study of very small structures of the body using magnification |
| Negative feedback | homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed |
| Normal range | range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center |
| Nutrient | chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival |
| Organ | functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues |
| Organ system | group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function |
| Organism | living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life |
| Pericardium | sac that encloses the heart |
| Peritoneum | serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there |
| Physiology | science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions |
| Plane | imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body |
| Pleura | serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs |
| Positive feedback | mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues |
| Posterior | describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal |
| Posterior cavity | posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity |
| Pressure | force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance |
| Prone | face down |
| Proximal | describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body |
| Regional anatomy | study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions |
| Renewal | process by which worn-out cells are replaced |
| Reproduction | process by which new organisms are generated |
| Responsiveness | ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions |
| Sagittal plane | two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides |
| Section | in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through |
| Sensor | (also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center |
| Serosa | membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane |
| Serous membrane | membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa |
| Set point | ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis |
| Spinal cavity | division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity |
| Superficial | describes a position nearer to the surface of the body |
| Superior | describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial |
| Supine | face up |
| Systemic anatomy | study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems |
| Thoracic cavity | division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea |
| Tissue | group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function |
| Transverse plane | two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions |
| Ultrasonography | application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs |
| Ventral | describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior |
| Ventral cavity | (anterior body cavity) located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; |
| X-ray | form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones |
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Park4ex
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