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Chapters 4, 5, 6
ANPY 101 Ivy Tech Chapter 4 5 and 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a single or double-ringed nitrogenous base. | Nucleotide |
| Double-stranded type of nucleic acid. | DNA |
| In DNA, complementary base pairs are bound together by ______ bonds. | Hydrogen |
| In DNA, adenine is the complementary base to | Thymine |
| In DNA, guanine is the complementary base to | Cytosine |
| Following cell division, each newly formed cell needs to to have the same genetic information (DNA) as the original cell. What process allows this to happen? | DNA replication |
| What is the process of copying DNA called? | DNA replication |
| The "genetic code" is contained within the nucleotide sequences of what type of organic molecule? | DNA |
| Three differences between DNA and RNA. | 1. DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded. 2. DNA uses thymine; RNA uses uracil. 3. DNA uses deoxyribose; RNA uses ribose |
| The process of synthesizing mRNA within the nucleus of a cell. | Transcription |
| The first set of reactions that occurs during cellular respiration is called | Glycolysis |
| What requires oxygen and occurs in the cytosol? | Aerobic respiration |
| An energy storing molecule, that is stored in the liver, and is a branching chain of glucose molecules. | Glycogen |
| What stored molecules are catabolized and released into the blood stream as blood glucose levels fall? | Glycogen |
| Name three classes of organic molecules that can be metabolized to produce ATP. | Carbohydrate Lipid Protein |
| The type of nucleic acid that is in the form of a double helix. | DNA |
| What is produced by the process of DNA replication? | Two complete DNA molecules; each with one old strand and one new strand. |
| What is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases along a segment of DNA (a gene)? | The order of amino acids in a protein. |
| What is a segment of DNA ? | A gene. |
| The process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA is called | Transcription |
| Electrons released during the citric acid cycle are picked up by electron carriers and delivered to | the electron transport chain. |
| Two items describe aerobic respiration. | Oxygen is required and it occurs in the mitochondria. |
| Lipase enzyme | Lipid substrate |
| Protease enzyme | Protein substrate |
| Amylase enzyme | Statch substrate |
| The part of an enzyme molecule that combines with its substrate? | Active site |
| What is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme. | enzyme-substrate complex |
| What kind of reaction means an enzyme may catalyze the reaction in both directions? | Reversible reaction. |
| Events occurring during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the correct order. | 1. Substrate binds to active site on enzyme. 2. Chemical bonds within substrate are altered, reducing energy needed for reaction to occur. 3. Reatcion occurs, resulting in a formation of product. 4. Product is released from active site. |
| What will happen to the rate of reaction if the concentration of reactants decreases? | The reaction rate will decrease. |
| What three factors can denature an enzyme? | 1. Heat 2. Radiation 3. Extremes in pH |
| What occurs during the process of transcription? | DNA is copied to produce RNA. |
| Put in order of increasing size: nucleotide, genome, chromosome, nitrogenous base, gene | nitrogenous base, nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome |
| If one strand of DNA has the sequence of TCAGGCTATTCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is what? | AGTCCGATAAGGGC Adenine to Thiamine Guanine to Cytosine |
| The complement of the nitrogenous base Adenine is | Thiamine or Uracil |
| The complement of the nitrogenous base Guanine is | Cytosine |
| DNA replication occurs | during interphase of the cell cycle |
| How many codons specify the 20 types of amino acids? | 61 |
| What does this describe? It has cytosine as one of its four nitrogenous bases, it includes ribose, a 5-carbon sugar, it is transcribed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplams | RNA |
| New nucleotides pair with exposed bases, under the direction of what? | DNA polymerase |
| A sequence of 3 nucleotides that represents an amino acid, or signals the beginning or end of a protein | triplet code |
| Aligns amino acids during protein synthesis, along the mRNA strand on the ribosome. | Transfer RNA |
| AUG, codes for methionine and signals the start of a protein | initiation codon |
| Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA? | Thymine |
| Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA? | Uracil |
| What does this describe: Stores genetic information, including instructions for enzymes that synthesize fats and carbohydrates. | DNA |
| Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called | transcription |
| Transcription produces | RNA |
| Translation produces | protein |
| Codons are a part of | mRNA |
| anticodons are a part of | tRNA |
| The genome sequences of different individuals are | about 99.9% alike |
| The bond connection the complementary base pairs of DNA | Hydrogen Bond |
| Organelles composed of rRNA and protein molecules | Ribosomes |
| 0.1% of the genome that varies among people includes what three things? | health, appearance, and no observable effects |
| What are the two types of mutations in the DNA? | Spontaneous and induced |
| Spontaneous mutations are due to | insertion of unstable base into DNA sequence |
| Induced mutations are due to | exposure to mutagens, chemical or radiation that cause the mutation |
| What changes the DNA sequence and occur when bases are changed, added, or deleted? | Mutations |
| Building blocks of DNA; three parts: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. | Nucleotides |
| Made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around histones that support its structure | Chromosome |
| Small portion of the genome that codes for proteins | Exome. The exome consists of all the genome's exons, which are the coding portions of genes |
| A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other | hydroden bond |
| Four basic types of body tissues | Muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous |
| Study of tissues | histology |
| Intercellular junction that functions as a rivet or spot weld | desmosome |
| Type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels | gap junction |
| Type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes | tight juction |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | secretion, absorption and protection |
| Type of tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the the lungs | simple squamous epithelium |
| Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine sections differ in the | amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product |
| Type of tissue that lines the follicles of the thyroid glands | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is | glandular epithelium |
| Type of tissue contains collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance | areolar tissue |
| Tendons and ligaments are composed primarly of | dense regular connective tissue |
| cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because | chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies |
| Collagen is a major component of | bone, connective tissue, ligaments and tendons |
| Adipose tissue is a form of | connective tissue |
| What type of membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body | mucous membrane |
| How many types of muscle cells are there | 3 |
| Involuntary muscle tissues are | smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue |
| Smooth muscle tissue can be found | in the walls of hollow organs such as the Stomach, Esophagus, Bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels |
| Muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is | skeletal muscle tissue |
| Consists of protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid; includes glycoproteins, consists of a basement membrane and interstitial matrix | Extracellular matrix |
| Two or more tissues grouped together that function together is | an organ |
| Tissue type that conducts impulses for coordination, regulation, integration and sensory reception | Nervous tissue |
| Three shapes of epithelial tissue | squamous, cuboidal and columnar |
| Three layer TYPES of epithelial tissue | simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
| Top layer of elongated cells, cube shaped cells in deeper layers, lines part of the male urethra ducts of exocrine glands | stratified columnar |
| Cube-shaped and elongated cells with increased tention; stretches, lines urinary bladder, ureters and part of urethra | transitional epithileum - uroepithelium |
| Secrete into tissue fluid or blood | endocrine glands |
| The human integumentary system includes | skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands |
| In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin | the stratum lucidum may be missing |
| Assessment in the percentage of burn used to determine clinical care | Rule of Nines |
| As cells are used from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface they | die |
| Keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens, protects the skin against mechanical injury, retains water in the deeper skin layers | epidermis |
| Two sensory receptors that can be found in the dermis | lamellate corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles` |
| The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis T/F | True |
| The dermis contains smooth muscle and nervous tissue T/F | True |
| The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium T/F | True |
| The nail consists of | a nail bed and nail plate |
| The hardness of a nail comes from | keratin |
| Shafts of hair are composed of | dead epidermal cells |
| Most active growing region of the nail; pale, half-moon-shaped | lunula |
| Hair is present on all surfaces of the skin except | palms. soles, lips, nipples, parts f external reproductive organs |
| The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that under mitosis is the | stratum basale |
| Blood vessels in the _____ supply epidermal cells with nutrients | dermis |
| Skin cells play an important role in producing | Vitamin D |
| The functions of skin include | Regulating body temperature, acting as a protective covering, housing sensory receptors |
| The arrector pili muscle is attached to | a hair follicle |
| Gland responds primarily to body temperature | eccrine |
| Sweat cools the body by | evaporation |
| A burn affecting only the epidermis is a | superficial partial-thickness burn |
| Skin is also called | cutaneous membrane |
| Contains blood vessels to nourish the hair | hair papilla |
| Hair loss is associated with lowered level of _____ in men or _____ in women | testosterone, estrogen |
| What produces sebum, which consists of fatty material and cellular debris | sebaceous glands |
| What type of gland secretes ear wax | ceruminous gland |
| 5 layers of the epidermis | Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale |
| the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palm and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities | Sweat glands, merocrine glands, eccrine glands. |
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spritle
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