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Blood
A&P Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 components of cardiovascular system: | 1-A pump (the heart) 2-A conducting system (blood vessels) 3-A fluid medium (blood) |
| What is blood a type of? | connective tissue |
| What is the study of blood and blood disorders? | Hematology |
| What are the 5 main functions of blood? | 1-OXYGEN delivery from lungs to tissue and CO2 removal (t-l) 2- carry HORMONES & NUTRIENTS 3-CLOTTING + protection against infection/toxins by transporting WBCs and Antibodies 4-ACID/BASE BALANCE 5-REGULATES BODY TEMP by absorbing/getting rid of heat |
| What is the average temperature of blood? | 38* C |
| Describe blood's viscosity: | High Viscosity |
| Describe the PH of blood: | Slightly Alkaline/basic (7.35-7.45) |
| The average adult has how much blood? | 5 L |
| What's in Plasma? | H2O, Proteins, Nutrients, Hormones, etc. |
| What's the term for separating blood into all its parts? | fractionation |
| What kind of device is used during fractionation? | centrifuge |
| What's in buffy coat? | White blood cells, platelets |
| What is in Hematocrit? | Red Blood Cells |
| What % of blood is plasma? | 55% |
| What part of the blood is considered extracellular matrix? | Plasma |
| What % of blood is formed elements? | 45% |
| What 3 proteins are in Plasma? | Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen |
| What is the most common protein in Plasma? | Albumin |
| Where are the proteins that are in Plasma made? | Liver |
| What is Albumin? | Protein Taxi |
| What are Globulins? | Antibodies |
| What are Fibrinogens? | Clotting Agent |
| What type of protein regulates fluid volume? | Albumins |
| What is the other term for Platelets? | Thrombocytes |
| What is the definition of Hematocrit? | Volume % of erythrocytes |
| Why are RBC biconcave? | Increase O2 carrying capacity (increase surface area) |
| 3 properties of Erythrocytes: | 1-BICONCAVE 2-No nucleus OR DNA 3- Live 120 Days |
| Formed Elements are also called... | Solids |
| What 3 parts make up the formed elements? | WBCs Platelets Erythrocytes |
| What is the main component of Plasma? | H2O |
| Hemoglobin is what pigment? | The RED pigment |
| What does Hemoglobin carry? | Oxygen |
| What protein structure is Hemoglobin? | Quaternary |
| What is in the Heme (middle) of each Hemoglobin? | Fe+ (Iron) |
| What are the 4 components of Hemoglobin? | 2 Alpha and 2 Beta polypeptide chains |
| What are each of the 4 chains for Hemoglobin called? | Globular subunit |
| What is Hemoglobin (one of its 4 subunits) carrying oxygen called? | Oxyhemoglobin |
| What is blood carrying CO2 back to the lungs (mostly as carbonic acid) called? | carbaminohemoglobin |
| What is the magic # with Hemoglobin? | 4 |
| Each Hemoglobin can carry how many oxygens? | 4 |
| what is a Rouleau? | stacked RBCs (like a train) |
| Describe the structure of Erythrocytes: | 1-Large surface area to volume ratio 2-Stacked like dinner plates (Rouleau) 3-can bend and flex when bending into small capillaries |
| What is Erythropoiesis? | the making of new RBCs through a Neg. feedback loop |
| How long is the lifespan of RBCs? | 120 days- broken apart and recycled by the liver and spleen |
| What is Erythropoietin? | The essential hormone of RBCs that is released by the kidneys in response to low O2 and Iron availability |
| Describe the process of making new RBCs: | Kidney sends Erythropoietin as a signal to Red Bone Marrow and says he's detected low O2; Red Bone marrow says sure and takes the Hemocytoblast (stem cells in RBM) and tells them to divide and produce more RBCs This process takes 3-5 days! |
| What 3 things can Hemocytoblasts divide and become? | Platelets; RBCs, and WBCs |
| In what kind of tissue can RBCs be produced? | Myeloid (Red Bone Marrow) |
| Stages for making a Red Blood Cell | Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Proerythroblast Erythroblast Reticulocyte Mature erythrocyte (RBC) |
| What suffix implies "JRs" | Blast |
| What are immature RBCs? | Reticulocytes |
| When would you cause Reticulocytes to increase in number? | If blood loss (hemorrhage) or patient moves to higher altitude, blood doping/EPO, dehydration (polycythemia) |
| When would you need Reticulocytes to decrease in number? | Due to certain anemias or bone marrow disorders. Anemia interferes w/ oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues. Every system affected – oxygen starvation. |
| What ingests old RBCs? | Macrophages in the spleen |
| 3 million new RBCs are made every second to replace the _______% daily loss: | 1%! |
| What 2 products are retrieved when RBCs are broken down? | Globin and Heme (bilirubin and iron) |
| What happens to the globin broken down from the RBC? | Amino Acids are brought back to the Red Bone Marrow to make new RBCs |
| Describe how Bilirubin is recycled from RBCs: | Biliverdin (green) to Bilirubin (yellow) attaches to albumin, goes to liver, is excreted via bile duct into duodenum of small intestines as bile. Excreted with feces (stercobilins) or urine (urobilins). |
| Describe how Iron is recycled from RBCs: | Iron (Fe2+) attaches to carrier protein in liver (transferrin) and heads back to red bone marrow (stored as ferritin and hemosiderin) to make new RBCs |
| How much O2 blood carries depends on the _________of the RBCs and hemoglobin: | quantity |
| Lab values for female and male Hemoglobin: | F 12-16 g/dl, M 13-18 g/dl ******* |
| Why do females need more hemoglobin? | |
| High levels of what in men cause an increase in RBC production? | Androgens |
| What is required for hemoglobin synthesis? | Dietary Iron |
| People need how many mg of dietary iron per day? | 5-20 |
| Women have a higher dietary need for what three things due to menstruation? | iron, B12, folic acid, and vitamin C |
| Average blood loss during menstruation is about how much? | 40ccs aka 3 tbsp |
| Abnormally heavy bleeding is defined as how much? | 80ccs aka over 5 tablespoons |
| Some women with very heavy periods can lose up to how much blood? | a pint |
| What is the most common type of anemia? | iron deficiency anemia |
| How do you get sickle cell? | inherited |
| Is the trait for sickle cell anemia good or bad? | good- prevents malaria |
| What happens with sickle cells? | Mutation of beta chain amino acid sequence Causes defective Hgb to stick to other Hgb molecules |
| What kind of cells are abnormal with sickle cell? | stiff, curved, moon shaped |
| What are the main symptoms of sickle cell? | pain, heart failure, stroke, clotting (thrombus) |
| What causes the symptoms of sickle cell? | No oxygen |
| 1 in _________ African American babies are born with Sickle cell TRAIT. | 13 |
| 1 in ________ African American babies are born with Sickle cell disease. | 365 |
| What is Polycythemia vera? | too many cells- stuck in mitosis... is a vera/very bad |
| What is secondary polycythemia? | Overproduction due to compensation for lack of O2 like smoking, air pollution, heart or lung dz, or living at a high altitude |
| symptoms of secondary polycythemia: | headache, itchiness, ruddiness of skin |
| 2 categories of WBCs: | Granulocytes (with granules) Agranulocytes (no granules) |
| Name the 5 types of WBCs: | Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte Lymphocyte |
| Which WBCs have granules? | Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil |
| Which WBCs don't have granules? | monocyte lymphocyte |
| What type of WBC is most common? | Neutrophil |
| What type of WBC is the main component in pus? | Neutrophil |
| Which type of WBC is known as the "first responder"? | Neutrophil |
| What type of WBC is present in allergic reactions and parasites? (Wormy and Allergy) | Eosinophils |
| What type of WBC secretes Heparin and Histamine? | Basophil |
| Which type of WBC works for long term immunity? | lymphocyte |
| 3 types of lymphocytes: | Natural Killer Cells (NKs) T-lymphocytes ( Cytotoxic Ts and Helper Ts) B-lymphocytes (anti-bodies) |
| What type of WBCs are the largest? | Monocyte |
| What type of WBC takes the longest to get there and stays the longest: | Monocyte |
| Which type of WBC turns into a macrophage? | Monocyte |
| Which type of WBC lives for a few years? | Monocyte |
| Which cell type can also be called band or stab cells? | Neutrophil |
| Which WBC cell type lives in blood vessels until needed to fight an infection in a tissue? | Neutrophil |
| Which WBC type works for the digestive and respiratory tracts? | Eosinophils |
| What WBC secretes Heparin and Histamine? | Basophils |
| What are B-Lymphocytes? | Plasma cells that make Antibodies |
| What WBC type colonizes in the liver and spleen? | lymphocyte |
| What cell type eats cancer & bacteria? | macrophage |
| What are platelets also known as? | Thrombocytes |
| Are Platelets cells? | kind of..... they're really just pieces of megakaryocytes |
| What is the medical term for the stopping of bleeding? | hemostasis |
| What do Platelets play a key role in? | hemostasis |
| 3 phases of hemostasis: | vascular platelet coagulation |
| What is the strongest vasoconstrictor known? | endothelin |
| What do injured endothelial cells release? | endothelin |
| What happens during the collagen phase? | collagen is exposed causing platelets to adhere |
| During the platelet phase... what binds to what causing the platelets to become very active? | von Willebrand factor binds to exposed collagen and passing platelets |
| Describe platelet activity during the platelet phase of hemostasis: | sticky (platelet aggregation) and strongly bind to collagen |
| What players are present during the clotting phase of hemostasis? | intrinsic proteins (inside the blood vessel) extrinsic proteins (outside the blood vessel) Fibrinogen Fibrin |
| Final STEP (not phase) of hemostasis: | conversion of Fibrinogen Fibrin |
| Both pathways result in the formation of what? | Factor X |
| After the formation of Factor X, what happens next? | the clot formation follows the common pathway |
| Order the common pathway: | Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin |
| What does Fibrin do? | forms a sticky web at the site of injury, grabbing RBCs and platelets and causing CLOT REACTION |
| What is reaction cascade? | a chain reaction of clotting factors |
| What is Fibrinolysis? | dissolution of a blood clot (taking the stitches out/getting rid of the scab so it doesn't cause problems) |
| What is the one thing that can dissolve fibrin? | Plasmin |
| What happens to platelets during fibrinolysis? | the ones trapped in the fibrin web begin to contract |
| What happens to the torn vessel during fibrinolysis? | the edges begin to pull together |
| Where does Plasmin come from? | Plasminogen (inactive plasma protein) converts to the Plasmin |
| What does the liver synthesize most of? | clotting factors |
| What is necessary for clotting factors? | Vitamin K |
| What can interfere with clotting due to a lack of vitamin K? | Gallstones |
| Body can only absorb vitamin K (from fatty foods) if what is present? | Bile |
| Explain what would happen if you had no Bile: | No Bile-No V. K-no Clotting Factors-No way to Stop Bleeding |
| How to keep from getting clots: | smooth endothelium normal blood flow anticoagulants |
| how can keeping normal blood flow prevent clots? | a small amount of THROMBIN (pre-clot enzyme) is usually circulating and diluted in normal blood but if you sit or lie down for a while, it can accumulate |
| How can smooth endothelium keep clots from forming? | smooth blood vessel walls prevents platelets from wanting to stick |
| How do anticoagulants prevent clots from forming? | Heparin blocks the action of thrombin (can be given as an injection) & Tissue Plasminogen Activator (T-PA) also dissolves clots |
| What are three blood clotting disorders? | Thrombus Embolus Hemophilia |
| What is Thrombus? | Unwanted blood clot in a vessel |
| What is an Embolus? | Broken off thrombus that is now circulating through the blood |
| 2 treatments for Embolus: | Heparin shot or coumadin to block vitamin K in liver (less prothrombin from liver means less thrombin in blood) |
| deficiency of one of the clotting factors | |
| How do you get a blood type? | genetically determined |
| Name the Antigens: | A&B (you can have both [AB] or neither [O]) + RH factor aka "D" |
| Where are Antigens? | Surface of RBCs |
| What is the other name for Antigens: | Agglutinogens |
| What is another name for Antibodies? | Agglutinin |
| what two things will blood do during a cross/transfusion reaction? | agglutinate and hemolyze |
| What kind of test is done to test compare donner and recipient blood? | cross-match |
| RH positive blood contains what? | RH Antigens |
| Does RH negative blood contain the RH negative Antigen? | NO |
| Most blood is RH positive or RH negative? | RH positive |
| Blood does/does not normally contain RH Antibodies? | Does not |
| 2 ways to develop anti RH antibodies: | Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood during transfusion Rh negative mother has Rh positive baby with Rh positive father |
| What is the condition when a mother's blood type attacks her fetus's blood? | Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic anemia) |
| What shot do they give mothers to prevent Erythroblastosis fetalis? | RoGAM |
Created by:
smhoffman
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