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CH 16&17
quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| btwn the end of the war and the 1900s where America experienced explosive growth | Gilded Age |
| the nation _ farm production _ manufacturing _ | tripled, doubled, and grew six times over |
| in 35 yrs after the Civil War the US achieved | the highest rate of economic growth in the world |
| American industries and corporate farms dominated global markets in | steel and oil, wheat and cotton |
| the most visible of the sudden prospering large industrial cities | Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Cleveland |
| women left the | "cult of domesticity" to enter urban-industrial workplaces such as clerks, typists, secretaries |
| during the Gilded Age most laborers stayed | unskilled, and low-age jobs |
| new technologies and business practices outpaced | the ability to craft new laws and fashion rules of ethics to govern the rapidly changing economy |
| capitalism fosters | inequality |
| business owners took advantage of this lawless environment to | build fortunes, destroy reputations, exploit both workers and the environment, and gouge consumers |
| the tensions btwn equal rights and unequal economic status | produce social instability |
| causes of industrial growth | 1. vast natural resources 2. food of immigrants 3. technological innovation 4. entrepreneurs |
| flood of immigrants provided (over 15 mill newcomers) | army of new low-age workers and expanding national market of consumer |
| inventors and business owners developed labor-saving machinery and mass-production that | spurred dramatic adv. in efficiency and productivity |
| farms, canneries, factories....etc. turned out more products more cheaply | enabling more ppl to buy more of them |
| whereby larger business enterprises were able to afford expensive new machinery and large workforce that made them more productive than smaller enterprises | economics of scale |
| a group of shrewd people that created huge new national corporations which became virtual monopolies such as (oil, steel, sugar) | entrepreneurs |
| a wave of technological innovations, especially iron and steel production, steam and electrical power, and telegraphic communications which spurred industrial development and urban growth | Second Industrial Revolution |
| where was the Second industrial rev centered | US and Germany |
| the revolution resulted from developments | . modern transportation and communication systems - the creation of electrical power - improvement of industrial process |
| gave farmers and factory owners access to national and international markets | modern transportation and communication sys |
| the completion of transcontinental railroads and the development of larger, faster steamships, and the telegraph cable | helped expand markets worldwide |
| the creation of electrical power accelerated | the pace of change in industrial and urban development also increased the power and speed of efficiency of machinery |
| electricity spurred urban growth by | making trolley and subway sys possible enabled the construction of taller building |
| scientists and engineers discovered | new ways to improve industrial processes |
| (growing mostly wheat and corn) which defied the nation's tradition of small-scale family farming | bonanza farms |
| bonanza farms appeared first in | Dakota and Minnesota |
| technological innovations spurred phenomenal increases | in industrial productivity |
| new job options for women (office work and sweatshops) the development of typewriters | brought a flood of women |
| the invention of electric motors enable factories to locate | wherever owners wished; no longer had to cluster around waterfalls or coal deposists or a ready supply of energy |
| America's first truly big business; first beneficiary the great financial market | railroads |
| the first industry to have operations in several states and first to develop a large-scale management bureaucracy | Wall Street |
| moved people and goods faster and farther than anything else could and weather | railroads |
| the railroad boom was the essential catalyst for America's transition to an | urban economy |
| trains opened the West to economic development | 1. let federal troops to suppress Indian resistance 2. ferried millions of European & Asian immigrants across 3. helped transform commercial agriculture 2 a major intl. industry 4. transported raw materials 2 factories & finished good to retailers |
| the most spectacular growth of railroad took place during | the quarter century after the civil war |
| railroads were expensive enterprises that required | huge capital investments to purchase engines and cars and construct track |
| railroads were the largest consumers in the economy stimulating other industries | through their vast purchases of iron and steel |
| problems that railroads brought | freewheeling developers cared more abt making money than building railroads and race to build new lines that overlooked working conditions |
| authorized the construction of a rail line to be built by the Union Pacific Company westward from Omaha, NA and by the Central Pacific Railroad Company eastward from Sacramento, CA | the Pacific Railway Act (1862) |
| the transcontinental railroads enabled | the creation of a truly national market for goods and services |
| first transcontinental railroads were much more expensive to build | compared with lines in the East bc they passed thru long stretches of unpopulated desert |
| the high costs make railroad owners dependent on government on financial support | came in from loans and cash subsidies; and grants of "public" land taken from the Indians |
| compromised of young, unmarried former Civil War soldiers, both Union and Confederate, along w ex-slaves and Irish and German immigrants | Union Pacific crews |
| mainly Chinese workers lured to America either by California gold rush or railroad jobs | Central Pacific crews |
| Most of these "coolie" laborers were single men eager | to make money to take back to their homeland |
| the Union Pacific built | more miles of track then the Central Pacific |
| symbolized the completion of the first transcontinental railroad | when Leland Stanford drove a gold spike |
| before the Civil War most businesses were | small local enterprises run by their owners |
| large companies that served national and international markets were converted into; legal entities that separate the ownership of an enterprise from the management of its operations | corporations |
| a corporation is registered w state gov it can | raise money to operate by selling shares of stock (representing partial ownership of the company) |
| stockholders share in the profits generated by a corporation, but they cannot be held personally liable for its debts if it fails | limited liability |
| the great virtue of capitalism | competition |
| forces businesses to produce better products and lower prices | competition |
| businesses tried eliminating competition by | selling similar products and forming "pools" and kept prices the same |
| intended to eliminate competition | strategies |
| ways to get rid of competition - they tried to buy out businesses, etc., thru bribery, manipulation | monopoly |
| Aristocrat/Exploiter that doesn't really have any claim to power; they are so far from the line of succession | robber baron |
| decided to bring order and rationality to the chaotic new boom-and-bust oil industry | JDR |
| the first oil well in the US | began producing in 1859 of Pennsylvania |
| why did Rockefeller choose Cleveland not Pittsburgh | Cleveland had better rail service |
| corporation under the leadership of John D. Rockefeller that attempted to dominate the entire oil industry thru horizontal and vertical integration | Standard Oil Company |
| JDR goal | to eliminate his competitors as to gain control of the entire oil industry; once procured a near monopoly, he could raise oil prices as he saw fit |
| a dominant corporation in a particular industry buys or forces out most of its competitors | horizontal integration |
| Standard oil controlled more than | 90% of the oil refining |
| a corporation so large that it effectively controls the entire market its product or services | monopoly |
| owns all the different businesses needed to produce and sell its product | vertical integration |
| an arrangement that gives a person or corporation the legal power to manage another person's money or another company | trust |
| declared that efforts to monopolize industries and thereby "restrain" competition were illegal; was vague didn't do much | Sherman Anti-Trust economy |
| Standard Oil Trust gave Rockefeller | a virtual monopoly over the American oil industry |
| dissolved the Standard Oil Trust bc it behaved like a monopoly | Ohio Supreme Court |
| another way for Rockefeller to keep control of companies | holding company |
| a huge corporation that controls other companies by "holding" most or all of stock certificates | holding company |
| created the largest steel company in the world during the late nineteenth century | Andrew Carnegie |
| Bessemer converter | a process by which high-quality steel could be produced more quickly by blasting air thru the molten iron furnace |
| expanded his own business by acquiring competitors or driving them out of business by cutting prices and taking their customers; expanded by vertical integration | Carnegie |
| corporation under Andrew Carnegie that came to dominate the American Steel industry | Carnegie Steel Company |
| an investment bank under J. Pierpoint Morgan bought or merged unrelated American companies, often using capital from European investors | J. Pierpoint Morgan and Company |
| under various names invested European money w American businesses and grew into a financial power by helping competing corporations merge and by purchasing massive amounts of stock in American companies and selling them at a profit | investment banking |
| hated the chaos of competition; controlled a sixth of nations railway sys and bought out Carnegie's huge steel and iron holdings, formed the US Steel Corporation | JPM |
| Rockefeller had become the worlds leading | philanthropist |
| buying influence | lobbying |
| the fed gov imposed tariffs to | raise revenue and to benefit American manufacturers; by forcing competitors to pay tariffs to get their products into markets |
| tariffs led foreign manufacturers to | raise the prices on their products making less competitive w American goods |
| doubled the tax rates on hundreds of imported items as a means for raising money for the war and of rewarding the businesses that supported Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party | Morrill Taariff |
| higher tariffs caused | increased consumer prices |
| authorized the fed gov to issue paper money to help pay for the war | Legal Tender Act of 1862 |
| new national paper currency | greenbacks |
| created national banks authorized to issue greenbacks which discouraged state banks from continuing to issue their own paper money | National Banking Act (1863) |
| provided free 160 acre homesteads to settlers on western land; promoted economic growth by creating new markets for goods and services; spurring railroad construction to connect scattered frontier communities w major cities | Homestead Act |
| the gov did not do | 1. did not regulate the activities of big businesses to impose high corporate taxes 2. did not provide oversight of business operations or working conditions for wage earners |
| an economic doctrine holding that businesses and indiv, should be able to pursue their economic interests w/o gov interference; the gov approach to business | laissez-faire economy |
| the wealthy during the Gilded Age | white Protestants who vote Republican, expt small wealthy southern democrats |
| name came from Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, the Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1872) | mocked the crooked dealings of political leaders and the lavish wealth of the business elites; "gild" to cover w thin layer of gold to appear greater value |
| most middle class Americans working outside home were salaried employees of large businesses making up new class of | white-collar professionals |
| women were admitted to | college and professional jobs |
| involved the issue of voting rights; the liberation of at last some women from the home and long-standing limits on their social roles | the woman question |
| an energy-draining psychological and physical disorder whose symptoms; plagues both sexes used to force women back into the cult of domesticity | neurasthenia |
| the famous "Settlement house" in Chicago where social worker Jane Addams, struggled w neurasthenia, and other social workers helped immig, make the transition to American life and young women like herself could learn of life | Hull House |
| hired from large corporations that needed more unskilled workers than skilled bc they worked for lower wages than men | women and children |
| after civil war a growing number of wage laborers were childre who worked full-time for low wages in unhealthy conditions; thousands worked in dusty textile mills mistreated and no education | child labor |
| after the financial panic of 1873 major rail lines in the East cut the wages of their workers; in 1877 another 10% wage cut which led West VA to walk off the job and bock the tracks in order to shut down all traffic | Great Railroad Strike of 1877 |
| resulted violence left more than 100 ppl dead and millions of dollars in damaged property; | Great Railroad Strike of 1877 |
| in pitts: thousands of striking workers burned 39 buildings and destroyed more than 1,000 rail cars and locomotives; disgruntled workers lacking power went back to work; strike failed | Pittsburgh strike |
| side effect of railroads | - standardized timekeeping - land grant sys - robber barons - scandals |
| known as "the Commodore" was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping | Cornelius Vanderbilt |
| a meeting held to sympathize with railroad strikers and attacked by Chinese workers white mob attacked Chinatown led to the Chinese being used as scapegoats for frustrated white laborers that believed Asians had taken their jobs | Sandlot Incident |
| organized the Workingmen's Party of California called for the US to stop Chinese immigration | Denis Kearney |
| made up of workers skilled in particular handicraft or trade; formed in order to counter their ad working conditions; allow workers to bargain collectively to negotiate higher wages and better working conditions | unions |
| a national labor organization w broad reform platform; reached peak membership in 1880s | Knights of Labor |
| result of Great Railroad Strike | president Hayes sent troops to Chicago, restored order |
| the first nationwide industrial union; endorsed the reforms by previous men, | Knights of Labor |
| knights of labor endorsed | - bureau of labor statistics and mechanics lien laws - elimination of convict-labor competition - establishment of the 8 hr work day and worker cooperatives - greater use of paper currency |
| believed the gov any gov was a device used by powerful capitalists to oppress the working power | anarchists |
| violent uprising in Haymarket Square Chicago where police clashed w labor demonstrators in aftermath of bombing | Haymarket Riot |
| Chicago workers went on strike of 8 hr workday; the police arrived and shots were fired the killings angered; after on may 4 was a riot and police order crowd to disperse then someone threw a bomb and shots were fired into crowd | Haymarket Riot (in depth) |
| aftermath of haymarket | police arrested 8 ppl for bombing; 7 of 8 were German immigrants and advocates of anarchism |
| ppl blamed knight of labor bc | one of those convicted was member of the union |
| national federation of trade unions made up of skilled workers | American Federation of Labor |
| 2 incidents stalled the emerging industrial-union mov | 1. the Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 2. the Pullman Strike of 1894 |
| largest craft union | Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers |
| labor conflict @ Homestead Steel mill culminating a battle btwn strikers and private security agents hired by the factory's management | Homestead Steel Strike |
| nation strike by ARU whose members shut down major railways in sympathy w striking workers; ended w intervention of fed troops - company built a town near its factory required its workers to live in the town & buy goods from the company store | Pullman Strike of 1894 |
| the nation's productivity soared; and the US was producing | a third of the world's goods |
| majority of American workers for the first time now labored in | factories and mines instead of farms |
| first half of 19th century ppl viewed Great Plains as | a barren landscape suitable only for Indians |
| lured millions of pioneers and enterprising capitalists westward | - construction of transcontinental railroad - military conquest of the Indians - the policy of distributing gov owned lands at low cost |
| an interpretation of the war the pictured the Confederates as noble defenders of the distinctive southern way of life against a tyrannical fed gov headed by Abe Lincoln | Lost Cause |
| predominantly agricultural economy would be diversified by an expanded industrial sector, and race relations would become harmonious | New South |
| created under the leadership of Eugene Debs | American Railway Union |
| after depression hit in 1893 the pullman cut wages; pullman fired 3 workers who complained; ARU stopped handling Pullman cars across the US; tie up railroads and threatened to paralyze the economy | Pullman strike |
| result of the Pullman strike | railroad managers attached Pullman cars to US mail cars; if strikers refused to handle w the US mail it would be a violation of fed law; Pres Cleveland sent troops and fed court issued a court order to halt the boycott |
| result of Pullman strike pt 2 | both the strike at Pullman and the ARU collapsed bc of the injunction issued by fed court |
| Henry Gradys vision of the New South | a "perfect democracy" no longer run by planter aristocracy or cotton, slave labor. dotted w new industries of small farms growing varied crops |
| promoters of the New South stressed | - more-efficient farming using latest machinery - more vocational training -racial harmony built upon the acceptance of blacks of white supremacy |
| chief accomplishment of the New South was a dramatic expansion of the region's | textile industry |
| business found in 1890 by NC James Buchanan Duke who combined the two major tobacco manufacturers, controlling 90% of blooming cigarette population | American Tobacco Company |
| perfected the mechanized mass production of cigarettes | James Buchanan Duke |
| helped revitalize the South along Apps Mts. | coal production in the South |
| became the fastest growing industry in the South | lumbering |
| they supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination and "black rule" during Reconstruction; wanted a more diversified economy, sought cuts in state taxes and expenditures incl. public-school sys | Redeemers |
| remained the lest industrial, least urban, least educated, and least prosperous | the South |
| remained king after the Civil War | cotton |
| many southern farmers | lost ownership of the land they worked |
| rural areas adopted a barter economy in which local merchant would provide food, clothing, seed, fertilizer, and other items to poor farmers "on credit" in exchange for a share of their crops when harvested | crop-lien system |
| mostly blacks who had nothing to offer a landowner but their labor; worked the owner's land in return for shelter in a small cabin seed, and share of crop | sharecroppers |
| crop-lien ss 3 distinct categories | sharecroppers tenants small farm owners |
| mostly white farmers who were barely better off, had resources to farm but still needed to rent land to farm; few paid rent in cash pledge a share of the harvested crops to landowner | tenants |
| able to keep larger share of the crop than sharecroppers | landowners preferred to rent to "Croppers" rather than tenants |
| many African Americans sharecroppers worked | for the same planter who had owned them as slaves |
| crop-lien the landowner decided | what crop would be planted and how it would be cultivated, harvested, and sold |
| the cropper or tenant received nothing at the end of a harvest but | a larger debt to be rolled over to the next yr crop |
| the price paid for raw cotton | fell steadily due to dramatic growth in Texas cultivation |
| took the lead in stripping blacks of their voting rights | Mississippi Plan |
| a series of state constitutional amendments in 1890 set the pattern of disenfranchisement of black voters that 9 more states would follow | Mississippi Plan |
| instituted a residence requirement for voting; aimed @ black tenants who moved for economic opportunity | 2 yrs in the state 1 yr local election district |
| 1. Residence requirement 2. Disqualified if committed certain crimes 3. Ppl had to pay all their taxes on time 4. all voters had to read/understand the U.S. Constitution | Mississippi plan requirements |
| Changed business to railroad bc he noticed the popularity Had a monopoly on certain part of the railroads in New York; became extremely wealthy | Cornelius Vanderbilt |
| size of the economy; affected w robber barons building on industries | GDP (growth domestic product) |
| Louisiana inserted its state constitution the grandfather clause | allowed illiterate whites to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote on Jan 1 when African Americans were disenfranchised |
| Civil Rights Act declared unconstitutional bc | the 14th Amendment specified that "no State" could deny citizen equal protection of the law |
| Plessy (1/8 black) refused to leave a whites-only railroad car and was convicted; the Supreme ruled that states had a right to create laws segregating public places, etc.; only one member dissent | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| underlying principle behind segregation that legitimized by the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson | "separate but equal" |
| new regulations that segregated public places such as schools, hotels, and restaurants | Jim Crow laws |
| involved a black man accused of a crime, often rape; would often result in torture | lynching |
| the largest state | North Carolina |
| white men and teens destroyed the offices of Daily Record, city's black-owned newspaper, moved into black neighborhoods and shot Africans and destroyed homes and businesses; forced African business leaders & elected off. to board northbound trains; | the new self-appointed all-white city government issued a Declaration of White Independence which stripped blacks of their voting rights and jobs; Wilmington Insurrection |
| the first time in history that a lawfully elected municipal gov had been overthrown in the US | Wilmington Insurrection |
| vast majority of blacks responded to racism by | adjusting to the brutal realities of white supremacy |
| served as hubs for black community life; enabled Africans to interact and exercise roles denied in larger society | African american churches |
| outspoken African American activist launched a crusade against lynching; criticized Jim crow laws and demand black have voting rights restored; found NAACP and worked for women's suffrage | Ida B. Wells (National Association for the Adv. of Colored Ppl) |
| first to file suit for discrimination | Ida B. Wells |
| believed blacks should not focus on fighting racial segregation but instead work hard and become economically self-sufficient; founder of the Tuskegee Institute | Booker T. Washington |
| became the first Africa American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard; stressed education as means of challenging segregation and discrimination | W.E.B. Du Bois |
| speech by WEB that called for black community to strive for economic prosperity before demanding social and political economy | Atlanta Compromise |
| economic development of the West that held the key to national prosperity | - discovery of gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal - the completion of the transcontinental railroads - the collapse of Indian resistance - the rise of buffalo-hide and range-cattle industries |
| largest number of foreign immigrants came from | northern Europe and Canada and Chinese |
| African Americans who migrated West from the South in search of a haven from racism and poverty after the collapse of Radical Republican rule | Exodusters |
| established the Dunlop community; runaway slave from Tennessee led 200 colonists to the state and bought 7,500 acres | Benjamin "Pap" Singleton |
| a mine in Nevada acquired by Canadian almost worth 1 bill of gold and silver | Comstock Lode |
| set a typical pattern in which mobs of prospectors rushed to a new fine followed by camp followers | miners of the 1849 California gold rush |
| growing demand for orderly gov in West led to | hasty designation of new territories and eventually the admission of a host of new states |
| wild cattle first brought to America by the Spanish had competed | w buffalo in TX and AR |
| the ability to ship huge numbers of cattle by rail transformed ranching into | a major national industry; turned Kansas into a major economic crossroads |
| new farm equipment improved | productivity |
| what industry dominated the northeast? | manufacturing |
| what industry dominated the Great Plains? | cattle ranching |
| what industry dominated the West? | mining |
| violent places; male-dominated w a lot of immigrants full of crime and vigilante justice | boomtowns |
| greater equality and independence; still could not sell property w/o husband approval, sue for divorce, serve on juries, act as lawyers, or witness a will | women in the west |
| western territories and states were among the first to | allow women to vote in local elections and hold office; hoping to attract women settlers |
| affected by the financial panic of 1893 | Pullman strike of 1893 |
| affected by the financial panic of 1873 | Greatest strike of 1877 |
| a lockout of unionists in which management closed down the mill to try to force the union to make concessions | Homestead Steel Strike |
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