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Med Term Mod11
Lab Tests & Clinical Procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BNP test | measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood identifying patients at risk for major complications after MI and with CHF |
| BNP is elevated in patient's with | CHF |
| this is secreted when heart becomes overloaded, acting like a diuretic to help heart function return to normal | brain natriuretic peptide |
| the lipid test would be used to diagnose | hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis |
| high levels of LDLs in a lipoprotein electrophoresis would indicate | atherosclerosis |
| treatment of hyperlipidemia includes | diet low in fat and high in fiber & exercise along with drug therapy of statins |
| niacin | viatmin that helps reduce lipids |
| National guideline for LDL is less than ____ in a normal person and less than ____ in patients with CAD, PVD, and diabetes mellitus | 130mg/dL; 70mg/dL |
| damaged heart muscles release anzymes into the bloodstream; serum enzyme tests for | creatine kinase (CK, troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT) |
| a protein released into circulation after myocardial infarction | troponin |
| ateriography | xray imaging of arteries after injection of contract via a catheter into aorta/artery |
| 64-slice CT scanner is used in | CTA |
| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | aftering xray taken stored in computer, then contrast material injected to take 2nd image of same area; computer compares two images & subtracts digital data for the first from the 2nd leaving an image of vessels with contrast |
| this is a newer faster test than a standard CT, also called ultrafast CT, taking clear pic of coronary arteries while heart is beating | electron beam tomography (EBCT or EBT) |
| instrument focusing sound waves on blood vessels & echoes bounce off red blood cells | Doppler ultrasound studies |
| Doppler ultrasound studies | examiner is able to hear various alterations in blood flow caused by vessel obstruction |
| Duplex ultrasound | combines Doppler & conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels & measure speef of blood flow |
| cartoid artery occlusion, aneurysm, varicose veins & other vessel disorders can be diagnosed with | Duplex ultrasound |
| ECHOs | show structure & movement of heart |
| transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) | transducer placed in esophagus providing ultrasound & Doppler information |
| technique that detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms & pericardial fluid | transesophageal echocardiography |
| PET scans can detect | CAD, myocardial function & differences between ischemic heart disease vs. cardiomyopathy |
| this scan is used in patient's who have had an MI, to assess amount of damaged heart muscle; also used in conjuction with an exercise tolerance test | technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan |
| sestamibi | radioactive tracer compound used to define areas of poor blood flow in heart muscle |
| show the viability of heart muscle; scarred myocardium shows up as "cold spots" | thallium 201 scan |
| cardiac MRI gives in images in multiple planes to show | aneurysms, cardiac output & patency of peripheral & coronary arteries |
| magnetic waves from an MRI machine can | interfere with implanted pacemakers because they contain metal |
| contrindication for a patient with a pacemaker | an MRI |
| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | type of MRI which gives highly detailed images of blood vessels |
| used to view arteries & blockage inside arteries | MRA |
| begins in the SA node & is between 60 to 100 beats per minute | normal sinus rhythm |
| dysrhythmia | abnormal rhythms |
| rhythm changes are correlated with symptoms recorded in a diary | Holter monitoring |
| common protocol uses 3-minute stages at set speeds & elevations of a treamill | stress test |
| stress test | uses continual monitoring of vital signs & ECG rhythms is important in diagnosis of CAD & left ventricular function |
| for patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death from ventricular dysrhythmias, an implantable ICD or AICD is placed in the upper chest | cardioversion |
| internal mammary & radial arteries & saphenous vein grafts are used to | keep myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood |
| cardiac surgeons use smaller incisions instead of traditional sternotomy to open the chest | CAGB surgery |
| vein & artery grafts, used in CABG surgery, are removed | endoscopically |
| fatty deposits & throboses are removed to open clogged arteries | endarterectomy |
| cartoid endarterectomy | procedure to remove plaque buildup in cartoid artery reducing risk of a stroke |
| extracorporeal circulation | blood leaves body, enters heart lung machine where it is oxygenated, then returns to a blood vessel to circulate through the bloodstream |
| extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO | technique used by the extracorporeal circulation machine |
| intervantional cardiologist place catheter in femoral/radial artery, then threads it up into coronary artery | percutaneous coronary intervention |
| stents | create wide lumens making stenosis less likely |
| drug-eluting stents | coated with plymers that release antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue formation leading to restenosis |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stent placement, laser angiography & atherectomy | percutaneous coronary intervention techniques |
| tissue plasmingogen activator & streptokinase | restore blood flow to heart & limit irreversible damage to heart muscle |
| tPA & streptokinase are drugs | given within 12 hours after the onset of a heart attack |
| thrombolytic agents | reduce mortality in patients with myocardial infarction by 25% |
| advanced cardiac life support includes | CPR plus drugs & defibrillation |
| adenosine diphosphate ADP | blockers used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack & strokes; also used after all stent procedures |
| electrophysiology study | catheters are inserted into veins & threaded into heart & electrical conduction is measured |
| tachycardias are provoked & measured during | electrophysiology study |
| high-density lipoprotein | high blood levels are associated with lower incidence of coronary artery disease |
| intra-aortic balloon pump | used to support patients in cardiogenic shock |
| multiple-gated acquisition scan | radioactive test of heart function |
| used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans | single photon emission computer tomography |
| electrocardiography | recording of heart's electrical activity |
| aids in diagnosis of rhythmic irregularities of the heart | electrocardiography |
| electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) | the record produced by electrocardiography |
| defects in heartbeat may result from | genetic causes, enviromental factors or a combination of both |
| majority of congenital heart defects occur during | fetal development |
| Diagnostic tools used to assess inflammatory disease of the heart include | electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, computed tomography (CT), and cardiac MRI |
| Diagnosis of valvular heart disease is aided by the use of | echocardiography and cardiac catheterization |
| electron beam computed tomography can identify | calcium deposits in and around the coronary arteries |
| computerized tomography angiography takes | three-dimensional images of the heart and coronary arteries very quickly |
| mitral commissurotomy | a procedure in which the mitral valve is divided at the juncture of its cusps to treat stenosis, and valve replacement |
| freestyle heart valve replacement | uses a stentless pig valve |
| Hancock II heart valve replacement | uses a stented valve |
| Carpenter-Edwards heart valve replacement | uses bioprosthesis |
Created by:
lfrancois
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