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Chapter 6: Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | the kissing muscles |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| Thoracic Muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| Dome | shaped muscle |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles | attaches arm to the thorax |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| how many intrinsic hand muscles | 19 |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| Gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle |
| calcaneal tendon | Flex the foot and toes |
| intrinsic foot | 20 muscles located within the foot |
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| perimysium | the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers |
| resting membrane potential | The charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly |
| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| synapse | near the center of the cell |
| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine |
| acetylcholinesterase | rapidly breaks down acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell |
| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| Muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Four major functional characteristics | contractility, excitability, extensiblity, elasticity |
| anatomy | a study of the structure or internal workings of something. |
| physiology | the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions |
| muscle | a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body. |
Created by:
Emma0430
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