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Chapter 6 muscles
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows |
| zygomaticus | Smiling muscle |
| Buccinator | Flattens the cheeks |
| How many pairs of mastication muscles are there? | 4 pairs |
| Intrisic Tongue Muscles | Change the shape of the tongue |
| Levator labii superioris | Sneering |
| Extrinsic tongue muscle | Move the tongue |
| Stermocleidomastoid | Lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| Erector Spinae | Group of muscles on each side of the back |
| What is the tendinous area of the abdominal wall called? | Linea Alba |
| What crosses the rectus abdominis at three or more locations? | Tendinous Inscriptions |
| What is each side of the linea alba called? | Rectus Abdominis |
| What muscles move the thorax? | Thoracic muscles |
| Trapezius | Rotates Scapula |
| The arm is attached to the thorax by what? | Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| What attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle | Deltoid |
| Triceps brachii | Extends the forearm. |
| Brachialis | Flexes forearm. |
| Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist |
| Extensor Digitorum | Extends the fingers |
| How many muscles do the intrinsic hand muscles have? | 19 hand muscles |
| Where are the interossi muscles located? | Between the metacarpals |
| Gluteus maximus | Buttocks |
| Sartorius | Flexes the thigh |
| Quadriceps femoris | Extends the leg |
| Hamstring muscles | Posterior thigh muscles |
| What forms the calf muscle? | Gastrocnemius and Soleus |
| What are the lateral muscles of the leg called? | Peroneus |
| What do the peroneus muscles do? | They are primarily everters of the foot, but they also aid in plantar flexion |
| How many muscles are located in the foot? | 20 muscles |
| What are the 20 muscles in the foot called? | Intrinsic foot muscles |
| What do the foot muscles do? | Flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
| What are the four major functional characteristics? | Contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity |
| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched |
| What do the muscles do? | They help to produce heat that is essential for maintenance of normal body temperature |
| What is each skeletal muscle surrounded by? | A connective tissue sheath called epimysium |
| What is fascia? | Connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| A muscle is composed of what? | Numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi |
| What are fasciculi surrounded by? | Loose connective tissue called perimysium |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called what? | Fibers |
| Each fiver is surrounded by what connective tissue? | Endomysium |
| What are the cytoplasm of each fiber filled with? | Myofibrils |
| How many major proteins do Myofibrils consist of? | 2 |
| Myofilaments | They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| Thick myofilaments | Myosin myofilaments |
| Sarcomeres | Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units |
| What is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle? | Sarcomere |
| Each sacromere extends to what? | From one Z line to another Z line. |
| Each Z line is an attachment site for what? | Actin |
| The arrangement of actin and myosin give what? | A banded appearance |
| What does the A band do? | It extends the length of the myosin |
| What are the myosin myofilaments anchored by? | They are anchored in the center of the sacromere at a dark staining band called the M line. |
| Resting membrane potential | The charge difference across the mebrane |
| True or false when a muscle cell stimulates do the membrane characteristics change? | True |
| Active potential | The brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| A singe motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called what? | Motor Unit |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains what? | Synaptic terminal |
| True or false The A band shortens in length but the H and I bands do not | False |
| What is a threshold? | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| What is a lag phase? | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Relaxation phase | The time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated |
| What is needed for energy for muscle contraction? | ATP |
| True or false ATP does not produce in the mitochondria | False |
| True or false ATP is short-lived and unstable | True |
| True or false it is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP | True |
| True or false During periods of activity, the energy stored in creatine phosphate can not be accessed quickly and used to produce ATP | False |
| Anaerobic respiration | Without oxygen |
| What is oxygen debt | Is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| What are the two types of muscle contractions? | Isometric and Isotonic |
| What are the two types of of muscle twitch? | Fast-twitch fibers and Slow-twitch fibers |
| Origin | The most stationary end of the muscle |
| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | Belly |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called what? | Antagonists |
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destinycopley13
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