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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| muscle cells | muscle fibers |
| contractibility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| when each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium |
| connective tissue located outside the epimysium and it surrounds and separates muscles | fascia |
| muscle is composed of numerous visible | fasciculi |
| loose connective tissue around muscle | perimysium |
| single muscle cells | fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | endomysium |
| 2 types of myofilament | actin and myosin myofilaments |
| thin myofilament | actin |
| thick myofilament | myosin |
| basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere |
| z line | attaches to actin |
| i band | each side of the z line |
| a band | extends the length of myosin |
| h zone | center of each sarcomere |
| m line | thin line down the h zone |
| charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| brief reversal back of the charge | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a what | neuromuscular juntion |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| muscle fibers | postsynaptic terminal |
| secrete a neurotransmitter | acetycholine |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicle |
| This enzymatic breakdown ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle, and only one contraction of the muscle cell | acetycholinesterace |
| Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten | muscle contraction |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level | threshold |
| when muscle fiber will contract maximally | all or none response |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| The time of contraction | contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| atp stands for | adenosine triphosphate |
| produced in the mitochondria and stort lived | ATP |
| When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule | creatine phosphate |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| areobic respiration | with oxygen |
| is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen dept |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contraction | isometric and isotonic |
| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric |
| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic |
| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
| the most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergist |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonist |
| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| lavetor labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| done |
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