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Ch. 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| points of attachment of each muscle | origin and insertion |
| origin (head) | most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | when one muscle plays the major role |
| what are muscles named by? | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye |
| orbicularis ortis | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks. trumpeter's muscle |
| kissing muscles | orbicularis oris & buccinator |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle & prime mover. rotates and abducts the head |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect |
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original length after they have been stretched |
| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| perimysium | numerous visible bundles surrounded by loose connective tissue |
| fibers | single muscle cells |
| endomysium | fiber surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin & myosin |
| actin myofilaments | thin. they resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| myosin myofilaments | thick. they resemble bundles of minute golf clubs |
| sarcomeres | highly ordered units |
| basic structural & functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere |
| I band | a light area on each side of the Z line consisting of actin |
| A band | darker central region in each sarcomere that extends the length of the myosin |
| H zone | in the center of each sarcomere, another light area, consists of only myosin |
| M line | dark staining band where the myosin myofilaments are anchored |
| resting membrane potential | charge difference across the membrane |
| acting potential | the brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| synapse | |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber |
| synaptic vesicles | secretes acetylcholine |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter |
| acetylcholinesterase | ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| threshold | when the muscle contracts maximally |
| all-or-none response | |
| lag phase | the time between application of a stimuli to a motor neuron an the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction, produced in the mitochondria, is short-lived and unstable |
| creatine phosphate | when at rest they can't stockpile ATP, but they can store another high-energy molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose & to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| ADP | |
| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| origin (head) | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips (kissing muscle) |
| buccintaor | flattens the cheeks (kissing muscle) |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle & prime mover |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. keeps the back straight & body erect |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | dome-shaped muscle that accomplishes quiet breathing & aids in breathing |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapular anteriorly |
| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| deltoid | |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" during muscle contraction |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorium | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorium | extends the fingers |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg |
| sartorius | "tailors muscles"; flexes the thigh |
| hamstring muscles | flexes the leg & extends the thigh |
| gastrocnemius & soleus | form the calf muscle |
Created by:
cjadkin5
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