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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the _________ | Epimysium |
| _______ is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles. | Fascia |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called ______. | Fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the _______. | Endomysium |
| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with. | Myofibrils |
| 2 Major Kinds of Protein Fibers | Actin Myofilaments and Myosin Myofilaments |
| Sarcomere | basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. |
| An A Band extends length of _______. | myosin |
| Is Myosin thick or thin? | thick |
| Resting Membrane Potential | The outside of most cell membranes is positively charged compared to the inside of the cell membrane, which is negatively charged. The charge difference across the membrane |
| Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| Presynaptic Terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| Synaptic Cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Postsynaptic Terminal | the muscle fiber |
| Muscle Twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| Contraction Phase | The time of contraction |
| Relaxation Phase | The time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Threshold | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level |
| Lag Phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | needed for energy for muscle contraction and produced in mitochondria. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | with oxygen (more efficient) |
| Muscle Fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | Isometric and Isotonic |
| Muscle Tone | Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. |
| Fast-Twitch Fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. |
| Slow-Twitch Fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism. |
| Origin (head) | most stationary end of the muscle. |
| Insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. |
| Belly | The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| Prime Mover | Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Occipitofrontal | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oculi | closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis Oris | puckers the lips. |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks. |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle. |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | frowning. |
| Mastication | chewing |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue. |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula. |
| Serratus Anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly. |
| Pectoralis | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus Dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| Triceps Brachii | extends the forearm. |
| Biceps Brachii | flexes the forearm. |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm. |
| Flexor Carpi | flexes the wrist. |
| Extensor Carpi | extends the wrist. |
| Flexor Digitorum | flexes the fingers. |
| Extensor Digitorum | extends the fingers. |
| Quadriceps Femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Satorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring Muscle | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. |
| Linea Alba | This tendinous area of the abdominal wall |
| Erector Spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. |
| External Intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal Intercostals | contract during forced expiration. |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter. |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks. |
| Gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site. |
| Tendinous Inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented. |
| Rectus Abdominis | On each side of the linea alba |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
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jmnicho8
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