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Ch 6 Muscles Notes
Muscle terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | Contractility |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| The ability to be stretched. | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. | Elasticity |
| Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called? | Epimysium |
| Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles. | Fascia |
| Fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called? | Perimysium |
| Single muscle cells. | Fibers |
| Fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called? | Endomysium |
| A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. | Myofibrils |
| Thin myofibrils. | Actin myofilaments |
| Thick myofibrils. | Myosin myofilaments |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called? | Sarcomeres |
| The charge difference across the membrane is called? | Resting membrane potential |
| The brief reversal back of the charge is called? | Action potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | Motor neurons |
| Branch that connects to the muscle near the center of a cell. | Neuromuscular junction/synapse |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called? | Motor unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal. | Presynaptic terminal |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell. | Synaptic cleft |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal and muscle fibers. | Postsynaptic terminal |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains? | Synaptic vesicles |
| Neurotransmitters secreted by synaptic vesicles. | Acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzyme is called? | Acetylcholinesterase |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called? | Sliding filament mechanism |
| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | Muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called? | Threshold |
| The point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called? | All-or-none response |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction. | Lag phase |
| The time of contraction. | Contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes. | Relaxation phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called? | Recruitment |
| Needed for energy for muscle contraction and produced in the mitochondria. | ATP |
| ATP degenerates to the more stable? | ADP |
| Another high-energy molecule. | Creatine phosphate |
| Without oxygen. | Anaerobic respiration |
| With oxygen | Aerobic respiration |
| The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions | Oxygen debt |
| When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. | Muscle fatigue |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | ATP |
| Adenosine Diphosphate | ADP |
| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. | Isometric |
| The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. | Isometric |
| Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. | Muscle tone |
| Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. | Fast-twitch fibers |
| Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. | Slow-twitch fibers |
| The most stationary end of the muscle. | Origin |
| The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. | Insertion |
| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion. | Belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements. | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another. | Antagonists |
| If one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement. | Prime Mover |
| Raises the eyebrows. | Occipitorontalis |
| Closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. | Orbicularis oculi |
| Puckers the lips. | Orbicularis oris |
| Flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter’s muscle. | Buccinator |
| Smiling muscles. | Zygomaticus |
| Sneering. | Levator labii superioris |
| Frowning. | Depressor anguli oris |
| Chewing. Has 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter. | Mastication. |
| Change the shape of the tongue. | Intrinsic tongue muscles |
| Move the tongue. | Extrinsic tongue muscles |
| Lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head. | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. | Erector spinae |
| Muscles that move the thorax. | Thoracic muscles |
| Elevate the ribs during inspiration. | External intercostals |
| Contract during forced expiration. | Internal intercostals |
| Accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome-shaped muscle. Aids in breathing. | Diaphram |
| Tendinous area of the abdominal wall that consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle. | Linea alba |
| On each side of the linea alba. | Rectus abdominis |
| Crosses the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented. | Tendinous inscriptions |
| Rotates scapula. | Trapezius |
| Pulls scapula anteriorly. | Serratus anterior |
| The arm is attached to the thorax by which two muscles? | Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| Adducts and flexes the arm. | Pectoralis major |
| Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. | Latissimus dorsi |
| Attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. | Deltoid |
| Extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm. | Triceps brachii |
| Flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. | Biceps brachii |
| Flexes forearm. | Brachialis |
| Flexes and supinates the forearm. | Brachioradialis |
| Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist. | Retinaculum (bracelet) |
| Flexes the wrist. | Flexor carpi |
| Extends the wrist. | Extensor carpi |
| Flexes the fingers. | Flexor digitorum |
| Extends the fingers. | Extensor digitorum |
| 19 hand muscles located within the hand. | Intrinsic hand muscles |
| Located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers. | Interossi muscles |
| Buttocks. | Gluteus maximus |
| Extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles. | Quadriceps femoris |
| “Tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh. | Sartorius |
| Posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. | Hamstring muscles |
| Form the calf muscle. They join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon). Flex the foot and toes. | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| The lateral muscles of the leg that are primarily everters of the foot, but they also aid in plantar flexion. | Peroneus muscles |
| 20 muscles located within the foot that flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes. | Intrinsic foot muscles |
| Most muscles have names that are descriptive. What is it called? | Nomenclature |
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Pandora_Dragon
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