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Muscles
| Term | |
|---|---|
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | the kissing muscles |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| Thoracic Muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| Dome-shaped muscle | Aids in breathing |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles | attaches arm to the thorax |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| how many intrinsic hand muscles | 19 |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| Gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle |
| calcaneal tendon | Flex the foot and toes |
| peroneus | lateral muscles of the leg |
| intrinsic foot | 20 muscles located within the foot |
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| perimysium | the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers |
| fibers | fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells |
| endomysium | connective sheath around a fiber |
| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments |
| sarcomeres | units made of actin and myosin, basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. |
| resting membrane potential | The charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly |
| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| neuromusclular junction | branch that connects to the muscle |
| synapse | near the center of the cell |
| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine |
| acetylcholinesterase | rapidly breaks down acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell |
| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| Muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| threshold | muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches this |
| all-or-none response | muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| where is ATP | mitochondria |
| creatine phosphate | store-able high energy molecule |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen. ex: weight lifting |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen. ex: running |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| Muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| origin | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | a group of synergists its the muscle that achieves the correct movement |
| nomenclature | muscles named according to their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function, etc. |
Created by:
FaithRobertson
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