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Ch 31 Urinary
Fundamentals of Nursing Care Chapter 31 Urinary Elimination and Care
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal range of urine production per day | 1000 to 3000 mL/day |
| Minimal amount of urinary output per hour | 30 mL/hour minimal |
| Oligura | Urinary output of less than 30 mL/hr |
| Causes of oliguria | decreased fluid intake, dehydration, illness, urinary obstruction, renal failure, hemorrhage, severe loss of body fluids |
| Polyuria | Urinary output greater than 3000 mL/day |
| Causes of polyuria | excessive fluid intake, consumption of alcohol, diuretics |
| Anuria | absence of urine or minimal urine production |
| Dialysis | Process of using a machine to filter waste products and salts, and to remove excess fluid from the blood |
| normal pH of urine | 4.5 to 8.0 |
| What can cause pH to lower | A diet high in protein or cranberries will cause pH to become lower, or more acidic |
| What can cause pH to become higher | A diet high in citrus fruits, dairy products, or vegetables will cause pH to be higher, or more alkaline |
| Specific gravity | Result of comparing weight of a substance with an equal amount of water |
| Normal specific gravity | 1.001 to 1.029 |
| What does it mean when specific gravity is high? | It means that the urine is more concentrated |
| What does it mean when specific gravity is low? | It means the urine is more dilute. |
| What may cause a high specific gravity? | Can be the result of dehydration, hemorrhage, or diabetes mellitus |
| What may cause a low specific gravity? | May be caused by excessive fluid intake or impaired kidney function |
| Normal characteristics of urine | straw-colored, clarity is clear, 1000-3000 mL/day, mild odor, pH 4.5 to 8.0, and specific gravity from 1.001 to 1.029 |
| When blood is present in the urine: | Hematuria |
| A decrease in volume of urine may be a sign of what? | Dehydration, infection, or renal impairment |
| What is the quickest way to assess whether or not a patient is retaining water? | Perform daily weights at the same time each day with the same scale, and with the patient wearing approximately the same amt of clothing |
| Remember, a gallon of water weighs approximately | 8 lbs (3.6 kg) |
| The average person urinates how many times per day? | Four to six times per day |
| Increased frequency of urination may be a sign of: | UTI, bladder inflammation, or diabetes mellitus |
| Painful or difficult urination is called what | Dysuria |
| Burning during urination mau ne indicative of what? | UTI, bladder or urethral inflammation |
| What does a urinalysis test for? | Determines the presence of renal calculi, UTI, malignancy, and diseases affecting the kidneys |
| Inability to control the passing of urine is: | Urinary incontinence |
| Urinary Retention | Inability to empty the bladder at all or the inability to completely empty the bladder, can be acute or chronic |
| What is happening in urinary retention | Kidneys are functioning normally and producing urine, and the ureters are transporting the urine to the bladder to be stored but for some reason the bladder is not emptying. |
| What can cause urinary retention? | An obstruction such as a kidney stone, an enlarged prostate gland, a tumor, a pregnant uterus, an infection, or scar tissue may cause retention |
| Other causes of urinary retention? | UTIs, disorders or diseases of of nerves that regulate the bladder and urinary sphincters, postoperative complications due to anesthesia, inflammation, edema from surgery, and medications |
| Frequent cause of retention in older men | Enlarged prostate |
| Hydronephrosis | stretching of renal pelvis due to obstruction of flow of urine from the bladder |
| What can hydronephrosis lead to if not relieved? | Kidney atrophy and chronic renal failure |
| What may persistent nocturia be due to? | Underlying disease process such as congestive heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, UTI, an enlarged prostate, or kidney disease |
| Residual Urine | urine that remains in the bladder after the patient voids |
| Normal amount of urine left in the bladder after voiding | 100 mL |
Created by:
loweunde
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