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Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the sensory receptors | Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors, electroreceptive,proprioceptor |
| Chemoreceptors | React to various chemicals, including odors and taste. |
| Mechanorecptors | Respond to factors, such as pressure, stretch or vibration |
| Thermoreceptors | Activated by change in temperature |
| Photoreceptors | Found only in the eye. Respond to light |
| Nociceptors | Pain receptors that respond to tissue damage from trauma as well as heat, chemicals, pressure or lack of oxygen. |
| Electroreceptor | Organs that detect weak electrical impulses |
| Proprioceptor | Found in skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons. Provide info about body movement, muscle stretch and the general orientation of the body. |
| Sensory receptor | Transmit info about the type location& intensity of each sensation |
| Pain | Nociceptors |
| Fast pain fibers | Produce a sharp localized pain. Stabbing type pain. |
| Slow pain receptors | Congregated deep onto body organs. Produce a dull,aching pain. |
| Pain pathway | 1) injured tissue releases several chemicals that trigger pain |
| Pain pathway | 2) neuron sends pain signal to dorsal horn in spinal cord. |
| Pain pathway | 3) end of horn, signals the thalamus |
| Pain pathway | 4) spinoreticular tract carries pain signals to the reticular formation of the brainstem. |
| Referred pain | Pain ongoing in a deep organ, maybe sense as if ongoing from the body surface. |
| Anaglgesics | Drugs used to relieve pain |
| Temperature | Thermoreceptors mediate sensations of heat and cold |
| Warm receptors | Located in dermis |
| Warm receptors | Activated above 25•c (77•f) |
| Warm receptors | Beyond 48•c (118•f) a sensation of burning pain begins |
| Cold receptors | Located deep in the epidermis |
| Cold receptors | Activated betweeen 10•c (50•f) & 40•c (104•f) |
| Cold receptors | Below 10•c (50•f), firing of cold receptors decreases and the temp acts as anesthetic before activating pain receptors, triggering a feeling of freezing pain. |
| Specialized nerve endings that provide for senses of touch pressure and stretch. | Mechanoreceptors |
| Touch | Pressure, stretch and touch |
| Types of taste | Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami (meaty) |
| Gustation | Sense of taste |
| Smell | Chemoreceptors on lining of roof of mouth and nose |
| Olfacation | Sense of smell |
| Hearing | Mechanoreceptors |
| Process of hearing | 1) sound waves enter the ear and travel down the external auditory canal. The waves strike the trympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate |
| Process of hearing | 2) the vibration spreads through the malleus, the incus and the stapes |
| Process of hearing | 3) the movement of the stapes against the oval window shakes the penlymph on either side of the chochlear duct. |
| Process of hearing | The ripples in the Perilymph are transmitted throughout the roof of the cochlear duct to the organ of corti to send nerve impulses along the cochlear nerve. The impulses reach the auditory cortex in the brains temporal lobe, where it’s sound. |
| Process of sound | 5) the ripples continue throughout the perilymph and dissipate by striking the round window. |
| Outer ear | Auricle and pinna |
| Outer ear | Auditory canal: external acoustic meatus |
| Middle ear | Auditory occisles: malleus, incus, stapes |
| Middle ear | Tympanic membrane or eardrum |
| Middle ear | Eustachian tubes |
| Inner ear | Semicircular canals |
| Inner ear | Vestibule |
| Inner ear | Cochlea |
| Balance | Structures responsible: vestibule & semicircular canals |
| Auricle (pinna) | Visible part of the ear. Funnels sound into the auditory canal. |
| Auditory canal | Leads through the temporal bone to the eardrum. |
| External acoustic meatus | Opening canal by the eardrum |
| Auditory canal | Glands longing the canal produce secretions that mix with dead skin cells to form cerumen. (Ear wax) |
| Cerumn | Waterproofs the canal and also traps dirt and bacteria |
| Auditory ossicles | 3 smallest bones in the body Conner the eardrum to the inner ear |
| 3 smallest bones | Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) |
| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) | Separates outer ear from middle ear; vibrates freely in response to sound waves |
| Eustachian tube | Passsage way from the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. It can allow infection to spread from the throat to the middle ear. |
| Bony labyrinth | Inner ear |
| Semicircular canal | Crucial for the maintenance of equilibrium and balance |
| Vestibule | Marks the entrance to the labyrinths, contains organs necessary for the sense of balance. |
| Cochlea | Snail-like structure contains the structures for hearing |
| Cochlea spirals | Divided into 3 ducts |
| Cochlear duct | Middle duct |
| Organ of corti | Sense of hearing organ |
| Tectonal membrane | Gel-like membrane |
| How balance works | Semicircular canals and the vestibule monitor different aspects of balance |
| Semicircular canals | Speed & direction of head movements |
| Utricle and saccule | Position of the head when the body is stationary and also for the sense of acceleration when moving in a straight line. |
| When the head rotates | The endolymph inside the ampulla lags behind |
| When the movement stops | The endolymph swirls past the casual, bending it in the process |
| This pulls the hair cells, stimulating nearby nerve receptors | That then send a signal to the brain via the vestibular nerve |
| Brain interprets info and maintains balance | When the head or body is suddenly moved |
| When the head tilts, the membrane and the otoliths shift | Stimulating the hair cells. |
| This stimulates nearby receptors of the vestibular nerve | To conduct impulses to the brain, which produce a sense of the heads position. |
| Process of smell | 1) incoming molecules bind to cilia projecting from the ends of the olfactory receptor cells |
| Process of smell | 2) stimulates an impulse along nerve fibers leaving the nasal cavities through pores in the ethmoid bone |
| Process of smell | 3) fibers synapses with other neurons in olfactory bulbs |
| Olfactory bulb | Pair of structures residing just underneath the brains frontal lobe |
| Intermediate neurons (glimeruli) | Partially process the impulses |
| Process of smell | 4) the signals continue on the primary olfactory cortex in the brain |
| Vision | Depends on the eye to use light |
| Vision | Convert stored energy into nerve impulses |
| Vision | Nerve impulses travel to the brain |
| Eyebrow | Enhance facial expressions. Non-verbal communication. |
| Eyebrow | Help keep perspiration out of the eye |
| Eyebrow | Shield the eye from glare |
| Eyelashes | Help keep debris and dust out of eye. |
| Touching eyelashes | Stimulates blink reflex |
| Eyelids (palpebrae) | Formed by orbicularis oculi muscle covered with skin |
| Upper and lower eye lids (palpebrae) | Protect eye from foreign bodies and block light when closed |
| Blinking helps to | Moisten eyes and wash out debris |
| Palpebral fissure | Opening between the lids |
| Tarsal glands | Lie along the thickest area at the edge of the eye |
| Tarsal plate | Edge of the eye |
| Tarsal glands | Secrete the oil to slow the evaporation of tears and help form a barrier seal with eyes are closed |
| Conjunctive | Transparent mucous membrane |
| Conjunctive | Lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the anterior surface of the eyelid |
| Conjunctive | Secretes a thin mucous to keep the eyeball moist |
| Conjunctive | Very vascular; bloodshot eyes |
| Lacrimal apparatus | Consists of the lacrimal gland and a series of tear ducts |
| Lacrimal gland | Secretes tears that flow onto the eye. |
| Lacrimal gland | Tears clean and moisten the eyes surface |
| Lacrimal gland | Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the conjunctivia. |
| Tears produce an enzyme called | Lyzome-helps prevent infection |
| Lacrimal punctum | Tiny pore @ end of each lacrimal canal |
| Lacrimal punctum | Drains tears to the lacrimal and nasacrimal ducts |
| Nasolacrimal duct | Passageway carries tears into the nasal cavity |
| Opthalmology | Study of the eyes & Treatment of its disease |
| Extrinsic eye muscle | 6 muscles attach to wall of the orbit & surface of eyeball |
| Superior/inferior oblique muscles | Allow you to roll your eye |
Created by:
Coralebberson
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