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Chapter Three:
Cells and Tissues (I)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | The basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limited membrane |
| Generalized Cell | Cells that have different functions |
| Nucleus | A dense central body in most cells containing the genetic information of the cell |
| Nuclear Envelope (Nuclear Membrane) | A double membrane barrier surrounding the nucleus |
| Nuclear Pores | Penetrate through the fused regions |
| Nucleoli | Small spherical bodies in the cell nucleus; function in ribosome synthesis |
| Chromatin | A loose network of bumpy threads formed when DNA is combined with protein |
| Chromosomes | Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division |
| Plasma Membrane | A fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment |
| Microvilli | Tiny fingerlike projections that greatly increase the cell's surface area for absorption |
| Tight Junctions | Impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets |
| Desmosomes | Anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart |
| Gap Junctions | Commonly seen in the heart and between embryonic cells, function mainly to allow communication |
| Connexons | Hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membranes |
| Cytoplasm | The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane |
| Cytosol | Semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements, nutrients and a variety pg other solutes |
| Organelles | Metabolic machinery of the cell |
| Inclusions | Chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type |
| Mitochondria | The rodlike cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation |
| Ribosomes | Tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A system of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist through the cytoplasm |
| Rough ER | Cell's membrane factory ; contains ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | Communicates with the rough variety,it plays no role in protein synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | A stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles (modify and package proteins) |
| Transport Vesicles | Bring proteins to the Golgi Apparatus by the rough ER |
| Secretory Vesicles | A vesicle that mediates the vesicular transport of cargo |
| Lysosomes | Membranous "bags" containing powerful digestive enzymes |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular Oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances |
| Free Radicals | Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons hat can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids |
| Cytoskeleton | An elaborate network of protein structures extends throughout the cytoplasm |
| Intermediate Filaments | Strong/stable ropelike help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell |
| Microfilaments | Most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape |
| Microtubules | Determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles |
| Centrioles | A minute body found near the nucleus of the cell composed of microtubules; active in cell division |
| Cilia | Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances long the cell surface |
| Flagella | Long, whiplike extensions of the cell membrane of some bacteria and of sperm; serve to propel the cell |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more components |
| Solvent | The substance present in the largest amount in a solution |
| Solutes | Components or substances present in smaller amounts |
| Intracellular Fluid | A solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts,dissolved in water |
| Interstitial Fluid | The fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells |
| Selective Permeability | A barrier allows some substances t pass through it while excluding others |
| Passive Transport Processes | Substances are transported across he membrane without any energy input from the cell |
| Active Transport Processes | The cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) that drives the transport process |
| Diffusion | The process by which molecules (and ions) tend to scatter themselves throughout the available space |
| Concentration Gradient | The kinetic energy of the molecules themselves; high to low concentration |
| Simple Diffusion | The unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores |
| Filtration | The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure |
| Pressure Gradient | Difference in hydrostatic (fluid) pressure the drives filtration |
| Solute Pumping | Require protein carriers that combine reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane |
| Solute Pumps | Uses ATP to energize carrier proteins |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | Simultaneously carries sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell is absolutely necessary for normal transmission of impulses by nerve cells |
| Bulk Transport | Help transport some substances that cannot get through the plasma membrane in any other way |
| Exocytosis | Moves substances out of cells |
| Endocytosis | Moves substances into the cell |
| Phagocytosis | The ingestion of solid particles by cells |
| Fluid-Phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis) | The engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | The main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules |
| Cell Life Cycle | The series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides |
| Interphase | The cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities |
| Cell Division | A cell reproduces itself |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus |
| Prophase | As cells division begins, the chromatin threads coil and shorten so that visible barlike bodies appear |
| Chromaid | The two strands that each chromosome is actually made up of |
| Centromere | A small buttonlike body that holds a chromatid together |
| Mitotic Spindle | A macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis |
| Metaphase | The chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the metaphase plate so that straight line of chromosomes is seen |
| Anaphase | The centromeres that have held the chromatids together split |
| Telophase | The chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chromatin again |
| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm |
| Cleavage Furrow | It eventually squeezes or pinches the original cytoplasmic mass into to parts |
| Gene | Biological unit of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information |
| Enzymes | Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | The nucleic acid that contain ribose; acts in protein synthesis |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules | Small cloverleaf-shaped molecules |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | Helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules | Long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry the "message" containing instructions for protein synthesis |
| Transcription | The transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into complimentary base sequence of nRNA |
| Triplet | Each three-base sequence specifying a particular amino acid on the DNA gene |
| Codons | The corresponding three-base sequences on mRNA |
| Translation Phase | The language of nucleic acids is "translated" into the language of proteins |
| Anticodon | A special three-base sequence |
Created by:
sarah23me1
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