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A and P test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _______ do the binding | Proteins |
| Tight Junctions | -Proteins of adjacent membranes fuse together -Needed for barriers -Prevents movement of muscles between cells |
| Gap Junctions | -Cell Membranes dont touch -Hollow tubes connect to other cell -Tubes called connexons -Used for cell communication -Ions flow from one cell to the other |
| Desmosomes | -Anchoring Junctions -Support/reinforce areas -Prevent tearing of tissue -Withstands stress |
| What are the four types of tissues? | Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nerve |
| Epithelium | -Forms barriers -Covers or lines organs -Entirely cellular -Avascular -Associated with connective tissue -Highly mitotic -Simple:one layer -Stratified: many layers |
| Simple squamous epithelium - Function | -Found in places needed for exchange of nutrients. |
| Simple squamous epithelium - Location | Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity. |
| Stratified squamous epithelium - Function | Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. -No diffusion |
| Stratified squamous epithelium - Location | Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. |
| Simple columnar epithelium - Function | -have goblet cells -Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances |
| Simple columnar epithelium - Location | Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. |
| Transitional epithelium - Function | -stratified -outer cells are domed -Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine |
| Transitional epithelium - Location | Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. |
| Cuboidal epithelium - Function | -often called secretory -secretion and absorption -simple or stratified -forms glands and ducts |
| Cuboidal epithelium - Location | Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface |
| Gland | A cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or into the blood. Most of the time, and organ. |
| Glands secrete material obtained from ______? | Blood |
| Gland classified by... | Where they put their secretions |
| Endocrine glands | -Secrete hormones -often called ductless glands -secretes hormones directly into extra cellular space, which then enters the blood |
| Exocrine glands | -secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities -Exampls: Salivary, Sweat |
| What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body? | Connective |
| Functions of Connective tissue | Support, connection, body defense |
| What is considered a connective tissue? | Blood |
| General Characteristics of Connective tissue | -Almost always vascular -Mitotic capabilities, but slower then epithelial |
| Connective tissue is composed of... | -Cells -ECM |
| What is ECM made of? | Fluid, protein fibers, water, and carbohydrates |
| What are the three main types of protein fibers? | Collagenous, elastic, reticular |
| Collagenous fibers | -support -tendons, ligaments |
| Elastic fibers | -flexible support |
| Reticular fibers | -makes the support system for soft organs -stroma (internal skeleton of soft organs) |
| Most cells of connective tissues are... | Fibroblasts (young) |
| Fibroblasts | -most numerous -secretes lots of ECM |
| What are the three specialized cells of connective tissue? | Osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes |
| Macrophages | -Eat up bacteria -Dispose of dead tissue cells -Peppered throughout loose connective tissue |
| What are the seven types of connective tissue? | Loose, adipose, reticular, dense, cartilage, osseous, blood |
| Adipose(specialized - Function | - Closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet -Provides reserve food fuel -Insulates against heat loss -Supports and protects organs |
| Adipose(specialized) - Location | -Under skin in the hypodermis -around kidneys and eyeballs -within abdomen -in breasts |
| Loose (areolar) proper - Function | -Filler -Supporting and binding other tissues -holding body fluids -defending against infection -storing nutrients as fat |
| Loose (areolar) proper - Location | In some but not all connective tissue |
| Reticular connective tissue - Function | Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages |
| Reticular connective tissue - Location | Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). |
| Dense Connective Tissue - Function | -proper -non randomly arranged -very resistent to stress -attaches muscle to bones or to muscles |
| Dense Connective Tissue - Location | Found in tendon and ligaments and dermis |
| Cartilage | -consists of chrondroblasts that make new cell matrix until the skeleton stops growing -made of collagen, elastin, and water -matured chrondoblasts, chrodrocytes, found in lacunae -avascular |
| Cartilage location | located in ends of bones and joints |
| Osseous (bone) tissue | -osteocytes in lacunae -has collagen and calcium -Haversion systems |
| Blood | -vascular -ECM: Plasma + water + solutes -classified as tissue because it is made from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells |
| Muscle Tissue general characteristics | -highly cellular -specialized to contract -generate heat -amitotic (dont regrow) |
| Muscle Tissue functions | -movement -posture -temperature regulation |
| The four kinds of muscle tissue are... | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle | -attached to skeleton -long fibers -more than one nucleus -striated -contractions -easily fatigued -voluntary control |
| Cardiac Muscle | -found in middle layer of heart -forms myocardium -uninucleate -branched striated cells -intercolated disks (only in cardiac muscle) -involuntary control -doesnt fatigue |
| Smoothe Muscle | -not as many nuclei as dense -spindle shaped -uninucleate -nonstriated -peristalsis -involuntary |
| Nerve Tissue | -consists of neurons and neuroglia |
| Neurons | -carry messages -cell body: nucleus -axons and dendrites -amitotic |
| Neuroglia | -surround and support neurons -mitotic -no messages |
| Functions of skin | -Protection -Sensation -Excretion -Synthesis of Vitamin D -Body Temperature regulation -Blood reservoir |
| Skin protects us from... | -Mechanical injury -Chemical injury -Bacterial Infection -Dehydration -UV radiation |
| Structure of the skin. Superficial to deep | Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis (not part of the skin) |
| Epidermis | Stratified Squamous Epithelium Divided into 5 layers |
| What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? | Statum Germinatium Stratum Spinosum Statum granulosum Stradium Lucidum Statum Corneum |
| Statum Germinatium | -Closest layer to dermis (lowest) -mitotic |
| Stratum Spinosum | -8 layers -large nuclei |
| Statum granulosum | -cant really see nucleous -lots of granules |
| Stradium Lucidum | -only in palms and soles -clear |
| Statum Corneum | -horny layer -houses melanin |
| Dermis | -Composed of dense connective tissue -Site of vitamin D production |
| What are the two layers of the dermis? | Papillary (causes fingerprints) and reticular |
| Hypodermis | -Loose connective tissue and adipose -not part of the skin |
| Hair Function | Protection |
| Each hair consists of... | Shaft and root |
| Hair follicle | Grounded in the stratum germanatium Mitotic |
| Arrector Pili Muscles | -responsible for goosebumps -smooth muscle |
| Nail | -Keratinized cells of epidermis |
| Nails consist of.... | Nail Body and Nail Root |
| Lunula | Crescent shaped white area Can be used to find disease |
| Name three glands... | Sebaceous, sudoriferous, cerumen |
| Sebaceous | -Connected to hair follicle |
| Sudoriferous (sweat) two types | apocrine -emotion eccrine - temperature |
| Three burns are... | Superficial - epidermis Partial Thickness -party into the dermis Full Thickness - often down into the hypodermis |
| Enzyme activity at peak performance at..... | 98.6 F |
| Heat loss = | Heat production |
| 80% of our heat loss occurs through... | Skin |
| 15-20% of heat is lost thought... | breath, feces, urine |
| Heat is a byproduct of... | Cellular Metabolism |
| When you exercise... | -Blood vessels in dermis dialte to get more blood to skin -Sweat glands activate |
| What other systems help when you exercise? | Cardiovascular - heart rate increases Respiratory - Breathing rate increases |
| Decrease in body temperature... | Blood vessels in skin contract Sweat glands become inactive A further decrease causes muscles to contract to create heat |
| What temperature is hypothermia? | 91-94 F |
| Why is epithelium always associated with connective tissue | Because epithelium is avascular so it needs the blood vessels in the connective tissue for nourishment. |
| Why is epithelium sensitive to chemotherapy? | Because chemotherapy attacks cell in mitosis and epithelium undergoes mitosis frequently (every 2-3 days) |
| What type and kind of tissue contains cilia and goblet cells? Where do you find this tissue? | Ciliated columnar epithelium, trachea is one location |
| Which tissue contains intercalated disks? | Cardiac |
| What do Cardiac and Skeletal muscle have in common? How are they different? | Common: striated, ability to contract Different: number and position of nuclei, voluntary vs involuntary |
| Which kind of connective tissue does not have a lot of extracellular matrix? | Adipose |
| Which 2 connective tissues contain very little water in their ECM? | Osseous and Adipose |
Created by:
gotmilk954
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