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ch.8&9
Female & Male Reproductive system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adnexa uteri | fallopian tubes, ovaries and supporting ligaments. |
| amnion | innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus |
| areola | dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple |
| Bartholin glands | small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice(opening to outside of the body). Caspar Bartholin was a Danish anatomist who described the glands in 1637 |
| cervix | lower, neck-like portion of the uterus |
| chorion | outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta |
| clitoris | organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra |
| coitus | sexual intercourse; copulation. |
| corpus luteum | empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus) |
| cul-de-sac | region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus |
| embryo | stage in prenatal development form 2 to 8 weeks |
| endometrium | inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus |
| estrogen | hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics |
| fallopian tube | one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called an oviduct. The tubes were named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist |
| fertilization | union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops |
| fetus | stage in prenatal development from 8-39 or 40 weeks |
| fimbriae fimbria | finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes |
| follicle-stimulating hormone FSH | secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum) |
| gamete | male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum |
| genitalia | reproductive organs; also called genitals |
| gestation | period from fertilization of the ovum to birth |
| gonad | female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis |
| gynecology | study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone |
| hymen | mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina |
| labia | lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips |
| lactiferous ducts | tubes that carry milk within the breast |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation |
| mammary papilla | nipple of the breast. a papilla is any small nipple shaped projection |
| menarche | beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce |
| menopause | gradual ending of menstruation |
| menstruation | monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (latin mensis means month) |
| myometrium | muscle layer of the uterus |
| neonatology | branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate) |
| obstetrics | branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and child birth |
| orifice | an opening |
| ovarian follicle | developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime |
| ovary | one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones. |
| ovulation | release of the ovum from the ovary |
| ovum ova | mature egg cell. ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes |
| parturition | act of giving birth |
| perineum | in females, the area between the anus and the vagina |
| pituitary gland | endocrine gland at the base of the brain. it produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries. the pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs |
| placenta | vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. it permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus |
| pregnancy | condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks |
| progesterone | hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women |
| puberty | point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced |
| uterine serosa | outermost layer surrounding the uterus |
| uterus | hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. the upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost , neck-like portion is the cervix |
| vagina | muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body |
| vulva | external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice |
| zygote | stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks |
| amni/o | amnion |
| Bartholin/o | Bartholin gland |
| cervic/o | cervix, neck |
| chori/o chorion/o | chorion |
| colp/o | vagina |
| culd/o | cul-de-sac |
| episi/o | vulva |
| galact/o | milk |
| gynec/o | woman, female |
| hyster/o | uterus, womb |
| lact/o | milk |
| mamm/o | breast |
| mast/o | breast |
| men/o | menses, menstruation |
| metr/o metri/o | uterus |
| my/o myom/o | muscle, muscle tumor |
| nat/i | birth |
| obstetr/o | pregnancy and childbirth |
| o/o | egg |
| oophor/o | ovary |
| ov/o | egg |
| ovari/o | ovary |
| ovul/o | egg |
| perine/o | perineum |
| phor/o | to bear |
| salping/o | fallopian tubes |
| uter/o | uterus |
| vagin/o | vigina |
| vulv/o | vulva |
| -arche | beginning |
| -cyesis | pregnancy |
| -gravida | pregnant |
| -parous | bearing, bringing forth |
| -rrhea | discharge |
| -salpinx | fallopian tube |
| -tocia | labor, birth |
| -version | act of turning |
| dys- | painful |
| endo- | within |
| in- | in |
| intra- | within |
| multi- | many |
| nulli- | no, not, none |
| pre- | before |
| primi- | first |
| retro- | backward |
| retroversion | the uterus is abnormally tilted backward. this occurs in 30% of women |
| multigravida | a woman who has been pregnant more than once |
| primigravida | a woman during her first pregnancy |
| HPV vaccine | HPV vaccines are given in a series of three shots over 6 months to protect females and makes against HPV infections. Girls can get this vaccine to prevent cervical cancer, vulvar and vaginal cancer, and genital warts. |
| carcinoma of the cervix | malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer) |
| cervicitis | inflammation of the cervix |
| carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer) | malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma) |
| endometriosis | endometrial tissue located outside the uterus |
| fibroids | benign tumors in the uterus |
| ovarian carcinoma | malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma) |
| ovarian cysts | collection of fluid within sacs (cysts) in the ovary |
| pelvic inflammatory disease | inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis |
| carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer) | malignant tumor of the breast |
| mastectomy | removal of the entire breast |
| fibrocystic breast disease | numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast |
| abruptio placentae | premature separation of the normally implanted placenta |
| ectopic pregnancy | implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location |
| multiple gestations | more than one fetus inside the uterus |
| placenta previa | implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus |
| preeclampsia | abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache |
| eclampsia | the final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia, it often causes seizures and even death of the mother and baby. |
| down syndrome | chromosomal abnormality . |
| trisomy 21 | down syndrome |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | hemolytic disease in the newborn. caused by a blood group incompatibility between the mother and the fetus |
| hyaline membrane disease | acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn. |
| hydrocephalus | accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain |
| meconium aspiration syndrome | abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a fetus or newborn |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum |
| pap test | microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix |
| pregnancy test | blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG |
| hysterosalpingography (HSG) | x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material |
| mammography | x-ray imaging of the breast |
| breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI | technologies using sound waves and magnetic field to create images of breast tissue |
| pelvic ultrasonography | recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region |
| aspiration | withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction |
| cauterization | destruction of tissue by burning |
| colposcopy | visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope |
| conization | removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix |
| cryosurgery | use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue |
| culdocentesis | needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac |
| dilation and curettage | widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus. |
| exenteration | removal of internal organs within a cavity |
| laparoscopy | visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope |
| tubal ligation | blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring |
| abortion | termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own |
| amniocentesis | needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis |
| cesarean section | surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus |
| chorionic villus sampling | sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis |
| fetal monitoring | continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labour. |
| in vitro fertilization | egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization |
| bulbourethral glands | pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper Glands |
| ejaculation | Ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra |
| ejaculatory duct | tube through which semen enters the male urethra |
| epididymis epididymides | one of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes above each testis. It stores and carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens |
| erectile dysfunction | inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; impotence |
| flagellum | hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile (able to move) |
| fraternal twins | two infants resulting from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm cells |
| glans penis | sensitive tip of the penis; comparable to the clitoris in the female |
| identical twins | two infants resulting from division of one fertilized egg into two distinct embryos. Conjoined (Siamese) twins are incompletely separated identical twins |
| interstitial cells of the testes | specialized cells that lie adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. These cells produce testosterone and are also called Leydig Cells |
| parenchymal tissue | essential distinctive cells of an organ. In the testis, the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm are parenchymal |
| penis | male external organ of reproduction |
| perineum | external region between the anus and scrotum in the male |
| prepuce | foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis |
| prostate gland | exocrine gland at the base of the male urinary bladder. The prostate secretes fluid that contributes to semen during ejaculation. |
| scrotum | external sac that contains the testes |
| semen | spermatozoa and seminal fluid, discharged from the urethra during ejaculation |
| seminal vesicles | paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens |
| seminiferous tubules | narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes |
| spermatozoa | sperm cell |
| sterilization | procedure that removes a person's ability to produce or release reproductive cells; removal of testicles, vasectomy, and oophorectomy are sterilization procedures |
| stromal tissue | supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma. also called stroma |
| testis testes | male gonad (testicle) that produces spermatozoa and the hormone testosterone. |
| testosterone | hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics. |
| vas deferens | narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra. Also called ductus deferens |
| andr/o | male |
| balan/o | glans penis (acorn penis) |
| cry/o | cold |
| crypt/o | hidden |
| epididym/o | epididymis |
| gon/o | seed |
| hydr/o | water/fluid |
| orch/o orchi/o orchid/o | testis, testicles |
| pen/o | penis |
| prostat/o | prostate gland |
| semin/o | semen, seed |
| sperm/o spermat/o | spermatozoa, semen |
| terat/o | monster |
| test/o | testis, testicle |
| varic/o | varicose vein |
| vas/o | vessel, duct, vas deferens |
| zo/o | animal life |
| -genesis | formation |
| -one | hormone |
| -pexy | fixation, put in place |
| -stomy | new opening |
| carcinoma of the testes testicular cancer | malignant tumor of the testicles |
| androgen | testosterone is an androgen. The testes in males and the adrenal glands in both men and women produce androgens |
| balanitis | an inflammation usually caused by overgrowth of organisms (bacteria and yeast) |
| cryogenic surgery | technique for prostate cancer treatment using freezing temperatures to destroy cancer cells |
| cryptorchidism | a congenital condition, one or both testicles do not descend, by the time of birth, into the scrotal sac from the abdominal cavity. |
| epididymitis | inflammation usually caused by bacteria. Signs and symptoms are fever, chills, pain in the groin, and tender, swollen epididymis |
| orchiectomy | castration in males |
| aspermia | lack of semen. |
| teratoma | this tumor occurs in the testes or ovaries and is composed of different types of tissue, such as bone, hair , cartilage, and skin cells. |
| cryptorchidism cryptorchism | undescended testicles |
| hydrocele | sac of clear fluid in the scrotum |
| testicular torsion | twisting of the spermatic cord |
| varicocele | enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | benign growth of cells within the prostate gland |
| carcinoma of the prostate prostate cancer | malignant tumor of the prostate gland |
| hypospadias | congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip |
| phimosis | narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis |
| sexually transmitted infections STI's | are infections transmitted by sexual or other genital contact. Also known as sexually transmitted diseases or venereal diseases. They occur in both men and women and are some of the most prevalent communicable diseases in the world |
| chlamydial infection | bacterial invasion of the urethra and reproductive tract. |
| gonorrhea | inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry shaped bacteria) |
| herpes genitalis | infection of skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) |
| human papillomavirus infection (HPV) | infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papillomavirus |
| syphilis | chronic STI cause by a spirochete (spiral-shaped bacterium) |
| PSA test | measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood |
| semen analysis | microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid |
| castration | surgical excision of testicles or ovaries |
| circumcision | surgical procedure to remove the prepuce of the penis (removal of foreskin) |
| digital rectal examination | finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland |
| photoselective vaporization of the prostate (greenlight PVP) | removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia using a green light laser |
| transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) | excision of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra |
| vasectomy | bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens |
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