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Govt Study Guide-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Circle of nonparticipation | Resistance by political parties to mobilizing disengaged Americans to vote- because their lack of involvement makes their allegiance to one or the other party suspect |
| Civic voluntarism | Citizen participation in public life without government incentives or coercion(speaking at a town meeting vs. paying taxes, for example) |
| Direct action | Participating outside of normal political and social channels through civil disobedience, demonstrations, and even riots |
| Electoral activities | Public engagement in the form of voting, running for office, volunteering in a campaign, or otherwise participating in elections |
| Issue advocacy | Organized effort to advance (or block) a proposed public policy change |
| Motor Voter Law | Passed in 1993, this act enables prospective voters to register when they receive their driver's license |
| The Paradox of Voting | For most individuals the cost of voting (acquiring necessary information, traveling to polling site, and waiting in line) outweighs the apparent benefits. Economic theory would predict very low voter turnout, given this analysis |
| Political mobilization | Efforts to encourage people to engage in the public sphere: to voter a particular candidate (or donate money, work on the campaign) or to get involved in specific issues |
| Political voice | Exercising ones's public rights, often through speaking out in protest or in favor of some policy change |
| Social capital | Relations between people that build closer ties of trust and civic engagement, yielding productive benefits for the larger society |
| Traditional participation | Engaging in political activities through the formal channels of government and society |
| Voter turnout | A measure of what proportion of eligible voters actually cast a legitimate ballot in a given election |
| Consolidation | The process whereby a media company grows, acquires other companies, and threatens to dominate the market |
| fairness bias | depends on what one considers to be fair. |
| fireside chats (FDR) | one of a series of radio broadcasts made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the nation |
| Priming | Affecting voters' or poll respondents' perception of candidates or public officials by raising issues that are perceived to enhance or diminish the candidates |
| Public ownership | A situation in which media outlets are run by the government and paid for by tax dollars |
| Public watchdog | Media coverage that alerts the public when a problem arises in politics or society |
| Telecommunications Act of 1996 | A major overhaul of communications law that opened the door tofu more competition by permitting companies to own outlets in multiple media markets such as radio, television, and magazines |
| Call list | A long list of potential donors who candidates must phone |
| Candidate-centered elections | A political system in which individual candidates decide to run, raise their own money and design their own strategy- as opposed to part systems, in which political parties play these roles |
| Electoral bounce | The spike in the polls that follows an event such as a party's national convention |
| Gerrymandering | Redrawing an election district in a way that gives the advantage to one party |
| Incumbency advantage | The tendency for members of Congress to win reelection in overwhelming numbers |
| Midterm elections | National elections held between presidential elections, involving all seats in the House of Representatives, one-third of those in the Senate, thirty-six governorships, and other positions |
| Open seat | A seat in Congress without an incumbent running for reelection |
| Political action committee (PAC) | An organization of at least fifty people, affiliated wit an interest group that is permitted to make contributions to candidates for federal office |
| Proportional representation | The allocation of votes or delegates on the basis of the percentage of the vote received; contrasts with the winner-take-all system |
| Reapportionment | Reorganization of the boundaries of House districts, a process that follows the results of the U.S. census, taken every ten years. District lines are redrawn to ensure rough equality in the number of constituents represented by each House member |
| Winner-take-all | The candidate receiving a simple majority (or, among multiple candidates, a plurality) receives all electoral votes or primary delegates. Sometimes called "first-past-the-post" |
| Base voters | Party members who tend to vote loyally for their party's candidates in most elections |
| Divided government | Periods during which at least one house of Congress is controlled by a party different from the one occupying the White House |
| New Deal | A version of cooperative federalism, but with stronger emphasis on state and local government activity versus national government |
| Partisanship | Taking the side of a party or espousing a viewpoint that reflects a political party's principles or position on an issue. Often decried by those who with the parties would work together |
| Party boss | The senior figure in a party machine |
| Party caucus | A meeting of all House or Senate members of one or the other main party, usually to discuss political and policy strategies |
| Party identification | Strong attachment to one political party, often established at an early age |
| Party in government | the portion of a political party's organization that comprises elected officials and candidates for office |
| Party machine | A hierarchical arrangement of party workers, often organized in an urban area to help integrate immigrants and minority groups into the political system. Most active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries |
| Party organization | The portion of a political party that includes activists, state/local leaders, and affiliated professionals such as fundraisers and public relations experts |
| Party platform | The written statement of a party's core convictions and issue priorities. Generally revised every four years, in time for the national party convention |
| Political socialization | Education about how the government works and which policies one should support; provided by parents, peers, schools, parties, and other national institutions |
| Split-ticket voter | Votes for at least one candidate from each party, dividing his or her ballot between the two (or more) parties |
| Straight-ticket voter | Votes for the same party for all offices on a ballot |
Created by:
illuna
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