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Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the cell membrane. What chemical(s) is it made up of? What areas are hydrophilic and hydrophobic? | Water-soluble phosphate heads are hydrophilic and water-insoluble fatty acids (lipid tails) are hydrophobic. |
| Have specific SHAPES that fit and hold certain molecules. | Receptor Proteins |
| They form pores and ion channels that allow water-soluble molecules TO GET THROUGH the membrane. | Transportation Proteins |
| They IDENTIFY the organs and "self" | Identification Proteins |
| They extend from the phospholipid bilayer and attach to protein rods and tubules to HELP support the cell from the inside | Cytoplasm Support Proteins |
| Guides how a cell interacts with another cell and allows the cells to STICK to each other | Cellular Adhesion Molecules |
| Synthesizes proteins | Ribosomes |
| Transports materials within the cell, provides attachments for ribosomes, and synthesize lipids | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Packages protein molecules for transport and secretion | Golgi Apparatus |
| Release energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form | Mitochondria |
| Support the cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm | Microfilaments and Microtubules |
| Cilia propels fluid over cellular surfaces, and a flagellum enables a sperm cell to move | Cilia and Flagellum |
| Houses the DNA that is directed to all cell activities | Nucleus |
| Movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble substances from regions of HIGHER concentrations TO regions of LOWER concentration | Simple Diffusion |
| Diffusion of glucose, and amino acids across a membrane with the HELP of a channel or carrier molecule | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Movement of WATER through a selectively premeable from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Water moves toward regions of higher concentration of solutes | Osmosis |
| Smaller molecules are FORCED THROUGH POROUS MEMBRANES due to the differences in pressure on each side of a membrane | Filtration |
| Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration, this process requires ENERGY | Active Transport |
| Cell ENGULFS a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance | Endocytosis |
| Is the REVERSE of endocytosis where substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane and contents are released outside the cell | Exocytosis |
| MORE solute on OUTSIDE of cell causing it to SHRINK | Hypertonic |
| LESS solute on INSIDE of cell causing the cell to EXPAND and can cause it to bust | Hypotonic |
| SAME amount of solute on both INSIDE and OUTSIDE of the cell causing it to stay the SAME SIZE | Isotonic |
| The cell engulfs a substance that is mostly WATER forming a vesicle around the substances | Endocytosis (Pinocytosis) |
| The cell engulfs a substance that is mostly SOLID forming a vesicle around the substance | Endocytosis (Phagocytosis) |
| G1-The cell regrows, S phase-DNA replicates, G2 phase-The cell grows (new organelles are made) | Phase 1 of the cell cycle- Interphase |
| One copy of every chromosome and half the cytoplasm and organelles divided out into two daughter cells | Phase 2 of the cell cycle- Cell Division (mitosis) |
| Duplicated chromosomes condense, spindle microtubules form, and chromosomes are captured by the spindle | Describe the four phases of mitosis-1. Prophase |
| Chromosomes pulled into a line perpendicular to the spindle | Describe the four phases of mitosis-2. Metaphase |
| Sister chromatids separate in anaphase, daughter chromosomes move toward each spindle pole | Describe the four phases of mitosis-3. Anaphase |
| Spindle microtubules disintegrate, nuclear membranes form around each group of chromosomes at the pole, chromosome unwinds and revert to their extended state, nucleoli (disappeared in prophase) reappears | Describe the four phases of mitosis-4. Telephase |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| When cells differentiate, they | SPECIALIZE to carry out certain functions |
| AT CELLULAR LEVEL, WHAT IS CANCER? IN OTHER WORDS, WHAT GOES WRONG IN THE CELL THAT CAUSES A CELL TO BECOME CANCEROUS? | CANCER IS AN UNCONTROLLED CELL CYCLE WHICH CAUSES CELLS TO KEEP DIVIDING. THIS IS CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE REGULATORY PROTEINS (STIMULATING AND INHIBITORY) OF THE CELL CYCLE. A MUTATION IN A STIMULATING PROTEIN TELLS THE CELL TO KEEP DIVIDING FASTER. A |
| Describe how to focus a specimen under a microscope under low and high power. | To focus a specimen you first need to center it in the middle of the stage, then use the coarse adjustment knob to focus in on low power, once you have it focused you can switch to high power and use the fine adjustment knob to focus in on your specimen. |
Created by:
Kalico2019
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