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BIO201 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Anatomy | The study of structure and form. |
| What are the techniques for examining structure? | Inspection- More important that you know! Palpitation- Touch and feel Auscultation- listen (usually with stethoscope) Percussion- tap with your fingers and listen for the sound Dissection- A cadaver study, some exploratory surgerys |
| Define Gross Anatomy | Regional, surface, and systemic anatomy. |
| Define Microanatomy | Cytology, histology |
| Define Physiology | The study of function at many levels. |
| Define Tissues | Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function. |
| What are the four basic tissue types? | Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nerve. |
| Define Organ | At least 2 different tissues that perform a more complex function. |
| What are the functions of an organ? | Epithelial tissue- secretes digestive enzymes Muscle tissue- For churning foodstuffs Connective Tissue- for support Nerve Tissue- for organ control |
| Define Homeostasis | The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in a widely changing external environment. |
| Homeostasis is not _________ | Unchanging |
| Homeostasis is a ________ condition | Dynamic |
| Define Negative Feedback control | When a desired affect has been achieved, the stimulus is negated |
| What are examples of Negative Feedback Control? | Withdraw reflex, hormones. |
| Define Positive Feedback Control | The effect increases the stimulus. |
| What are examples of Positive Feedback Control? | Lactation, Blood Clotting, Nerve Conduction, Heroin |
| What is Anatomical Position? | Body erect, feet shoulder width apart, and palms facing forward. |
| What is the external barrier of a cell called? | Plasma Membrane (Plasma Lemma) |
| What is the fluid that fills a cell called? | Cytoplasm (Cytosol) |
| What is the control center of a cell? | Nucleus |
| What is the Phospholipid Bilayer? | A membrane formed from two layers of phospholipids. One end is positive while the other end is negative. The positive end is facing out while the negative ends are adjacent in the middle. |
| What are the two types if proteins in the plasma membrane? | Integral and Peripheral |
| Define Integral (Integrin) | Transmembrane protein |
| Define Peripheral | Enzymes; Mechanical functions, Glycoproteins. |
| What are the Membrane Junctions? | Tight Junctions- integrins fuse together Gap Junctions- The cells are close together but not fused |
| What is a G phase? | Gap Phase- thought to be rest, but is actually a time of preperation for cell replication. |
| What is a S phase? | Synthesis Phase- When the DNA is replicating. |
| What is Mitosis? | Division of the nucleus. |
| How many phases does mitosis occur in? | Four phases |
| What happens when there is a loss of control mechanisms? | Cancer |
| What are Stem Cells? | The initial cells of embryonic development |
| What is Apoptosis? | Programmed cell death |
| What is the role of Epithelial Tissue? | Epithelial tissue is a covering- but may be internal. |
| What is the role of Connective Tissue? | Connective tissue has a support role |
| What is the role of Muscle Tissue? | Muscle tissue functions in movement |
| What is the role of Nerve Tissue? | Nerve tissue is for communication/control |
| What are the two surfaces of Epithelia? | Apical and Basal |
| Define Apical | The surface exposed to the exterior. |
| Define Basal | The surface connected to a structure |
| What is the basement membrane? | The combination of the Basal Lamina and the Reticular Lamina. |
| What is Simple Epithelia | A single layer |
| What is Stratified Epithelia | More than one layer |
| What are the three basic shapes of epithelia? | Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar |
| Where can you find Simple Squamous Epithelium? | In the Kidney |
| Where can you find Simple Cuboidal Epithelium? | Glands, Liver, Kidney (tubules) |
| What kind of function does Simple Cuboidal Epithelium often have? | Secretory function |
| Where can you find Simple Columnar Epithelium? | Intestine, Uterus, Stomach, Kidney tubules |
| What kind of functions does Simple Cuboidal Epithelium have? | Can have absorptive and secretory fuunction |
| Where can you find Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium? | Respiratory Tract |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium can have ________ which secrete mucus | Goblet Cells |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be __________ or ____________ | keratinized, non keratinized |
| Where can you find Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia? | Ducts of mammary glands and ovaries. |
| Where can you find Stratified Columnar Epithelia? | Usually at the junction of two types of epithelium |
| Where can you find Transitional Epithelia? | In the lining of the urinary tract |
| What are the Connective Tissue Types? | CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood |
| Create a table listing the Categories and Subcategories of the Connective Tissue TypesPrope | CT Cartilage Blood Bone Loose Hyaline White Cells Compact Areolar Elastic Red Cells Dense Reticular Fibro Platelets Dense |
| Where is Dense Regular Connective Tissue found? | Tendons and Ligaments |
| Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found? | Dermis of skin, Organ Capsules, Sheathing of bones, and Nerves |
| Where is Reticular Tissue found? | lymph nodes, spleen, and red bone marrow |
| What is Adipose tissue? | Fat |
| Where can Adipose tissue be found | Skin, organ surfaces, and bone |
| What are the tumors of Adipose tissue? | Benign and Malignant |
| A Benign tumor of adipose tissue is called a: | Lipoma |
| A Malignant tumor of adipose tissue is called a: | Liposarcoma |
| Where can you find Hyaline Cartilage? | Ends of bones in movable joints |
| Where can you find Elastic Cartilage? | Outer ear, epiglottis, and auditory canal |
| Where can you find Fibrocartilage? | Intervertebral discs, symphysis, knee joints, etc. (shock absorbers) |
| What are Osteocytes? | Mature bone cells |
| What do Osteoblasts do? | Generate new cells |
| What do Osteoclasts do? | Destroy bone |
| Where is Spongy bone found? | Marrow spaces and inside heads of long bones. |
| Where is Compact bone found? | In the External Bone surfaces. |
| How many Axons do you have on a Neuron? | 1 |
| Skeletal muscles are attached to ______ or forming ______ | Bone, Sphincters |
| The cell body of Nervous Tissue is _______ | Soma |
| Dendrites are _____ and Axons are ______ | Inputs, Output |
| Define Hyperplasia | Growth in tissues through increases in the number of cells, ex. childhood growth. |
| Define Hypertrophy | Growth in tissues through increase in the size of existing cells, ex. excercise. |
| What is a Merkel Cell | Merkel Cells are linked to sensory endings and found at the junction of the Epidermis and Dermis. |
| What are the Strata (layers) of the Epidermis and their qualities | Stratum Corneum- Thickest Layer Stratum Lucidum- Clear Stratum Granulosum- Flat Stratum Spinosum- Langerhans cell Stratum Basale- Deepest |
| Define Dermis | Layers of the skin profund (deep) to the epidermis |
| What is a tear of the dermis known as? | Stretch marks |
| What is Melanin? | a dark pigment |
| What is a Melanocyte | Melanin producing cells located in the deepest layer of the skin. |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma is slow growing, _____% cure. | 99% |
| Squamous cell Carcinoma has a good prognosis if caught ______and _______. | Early, Treated |
| Define Squamos Cell Carcinoma | Bleeds easily, Friable lesion, Sun exposed areas, May arise from actinic keratosis. |
| Define Basal Cell Carcinoma | Most Common, rarely metastasizes, sun exposed areas. |
| Malignant Melanoma | Bad Cancer, Rapidly Metastasizes |
| What are the ABC's of Skin Cancer | Asymmetry Border Irregularity Color Diameter (6mm) Elevation (above the skin surface) |
| What is a First Degree Burn? | Epidermis only, ex. sunburn |
| What is a Second Degree Burn? | Epidermis and Upper Dermis, partial thickness |
| What is a Third Degree Burn? | Epidermis, Dermis, And Tissue below, full thickness burn |
| What are the burn percentages for each part of the body? | Anterior leg- 9% Posterior leg- 9% Each arm- 9% Anterior Trunk- 18% Posterior Trunk- 18% Head-18% Perineum- 1% |
| What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation and their meanings? | Rubor- redness Dolor- Pain Calor- heat Tumor- Swelling Functio Laesa- loss of function |
| What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium? | Simple squamous epithelial cells in the kidney enable rapid filtration of the blood and diffusion of small molecules. |
| What are the Functions of Simple Epithelia> | Absorption, Secretion, and Filtration. |
| What is Langerhans Cell? | Microphages that reside in the epidermis. |
| What is a Keratinocyte? | The most prevalent cell type that produces keratin, reside in the deepest layer. |
| What is keratin? | A fibrous protein that makes up hair, skin and nails. |
| What is Neoplasia? | Benign or Malignant tumor formation. |
| How can you identify the difference between Skeletal and Muscle tissue? | Muscle tissue has intercalated discs. |
| What are the histologic features of skeletal muscle? | Cells are multinucleic Unbranched, striated, |
| What are the histologic features of cardiac muscle? | Branched, striated, single nucleus located in cell center. |
| What is Hypertrophic Obesity? | Deposition of fat in adipocytes |
| What is Hypercellular Obesity? | An overabundance of Adipocytes. |
| What are Chondroblast cells? | Growing Cartilage matrix, Early Stage, Childhood. |
| What are Chondrocytes? | The only cells found in cartilage, they produce and maintain the cartilage matrix. |
| What tissue is the most abundant? | Connective |
| What is Endothelium? | lining of blood vessels |
| What is Mesothelium? | lining in the ventral cavity. |
| What do Centrioles do? | Help a cell divide |
| What is an Organ System's complex function? | Nervous System, Peripheral, and Central |
| What is Cyanosis? | Blue-ish coloration off skin resulting from inadequate perfusion of skin |
| What does Pallor mean? | Pale |
| What is Erythema? | redness due to blood under the skin or mucosa |
| What is Hyperemia? | an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other body part. |
| What is Jaundice? | The yellowing from a build up bile in tissues, usually means liver issues |
| What are Meissner Cells? | nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. |
| What is the hormone for bone and teeth? | Vitamin D |
| What does the Axial Skeleton consist of? | consists of skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. |
| What does the Appendicular Skeleton consist of? | consists of the limbs and girdles. |
| What organ does the RUQ contain? | Liver |
| What organ does the LUQ contain? | Spleen |
| What organ does the RLQ contain? | Appendix |
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