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Chapter One:
The Human Body: An Orientation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another |
| Physiology | The study of how the body and its parts work or function |
| Atoms | Tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules |
| Cells | The smallest units of all living things |
| Tissues | Groups of similar cells that have a common function |
| Organ | A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function |
| Organisms | An individual living thing |
| Integumentary System | The skin and its accessory organs |
| Skeletal System | System of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage |
| Muscular System | Organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments |
| Nervous System | Fast-acting control system that employs nerve impulses to trigger muscle contraction or gland secretion |
| Endocrine System | Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones |
| Cardiovascular System | Organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body |
| Lymphatic System | A system of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, and other lymphatic organs and tissues |
| Respiratory System | Organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| Digestive System | System that processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes |
| Urinary System | System primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood |
| Reproductive System | Organ system that functions to produce offspring |
| Movement | All the activities promoted by the muscular system |
| Responsiveness / Irritability | The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them |
| Digestion | The bodily process of breaking down food chemically and mechanically |
| Metabolism | The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body |
| Excretion | The elimination of waste products from the body |
| Reproduction | The production of offspring |
| Growth | An increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells |
| Nutrients | Taken in via the diet, contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building |
| Oxygen | Needed for the chemical reactions that release energy from food |
| Water | Accounts for sixty to eighty percent of body weight |
| Body Temperature | Must be maintained at around 37*C (98*C) |
| Atmospheric Pressure | The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air |
| Homeostasis | A state of equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body |
| Receptor | A peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli; molecule that binds specifically with other molecule |
| Control Center | Determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained, analyses the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action |
| Effector | An organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings |
| Negative Feedback Mechanisms | Net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity |
| Positive Feedback Mechanisms | Tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value |
| Homeostatic Imbalance | Most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance |
| Anatomical Position | It is always assumed that the body is in a standard position |
| Abdominal | Anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs |
| Acromial | Point of shoulder |
| Antecubital | Anterior surface of elbow |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Brachial | Arm |
| Buccal | Cheek area |
| Carpal | Wrist |
| Cervical | Neck region |
| Coxal | Hip |
| Crural | Leg |
| Digital | Fingers, toes |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Fibular | Lateral part of leg |
| Inguinal | Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin |
| Nasal | Nose area |
| Oral | Mouth |
| Orbital | Eye area |
| Patellar | Anterior knee |
| Pelvic | Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly |
| Pubic | Genial region |
| Sternal | Breastbone area |
| Tarsal | Ankle region |
| Thoracic | Chest |
| Umbilical | Navel |
| Calcaneal | Heel of foot |
| Cephalic | Head |
| Deltoid | Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Gluteal | Buttock |
| Lumbar | Area of back between ribs and hips |
| Occipital | Posterior surface of head |
| Olecranal | Posterior surface of elbow |
| Popliteal | Posterior knee area |
| Scapular | Shoulder blade region |
| Sural | The posterior surface of lower leg; the calf |
| Vertebral | Area of spine |
| Plantar | Pertaining at the sole of the foot |
| Directional terms | Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another |
| Superior (Cranial or cephalad) | Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
| Inferior (caudal) | Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
| Anterior (ventral) | Toward or at at the front of the body; in front of |
| Posterior (dorsal) | Towards or at the backside of the body; behind |
| Medial | Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
| Intermediate | Between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| Proximal | Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Distal | Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Superficial (external) | Toward or at the body surface |
| Deep (internal) | Away from the body surface; more internal |
| Section | Cut |
| Plane | An imaginary line where the section is made through the body wall or organ |
| Sagittal Section | A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions |
| Midsagittal/Median Section | Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline |
| Frontal (coronal) Section | A longitudinal plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts |
| Transverse (cross) Section | A cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | Two subdivisions (cranial and spinal cavities) |
| Cranial Cavity | The space inside the bony skull |
| Spinal Cavity | Extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column |
| Ventral Body Cavity | Four subdivisions (thoracic, diaphragm, abdominal, and pelvic cavity) |
| Thoracic Cavity | Separated from the rest of the ventral cavity |
| Diaphragm | A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Mediastinum | The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | Cavity inferior to the diaphragm |
| Abdominal Cavity | Stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs |
| Pelvic Cavity | Reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum |
| Umbilical Region | Centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) |
| Epigastric Region | Superior to the umbilical region |
| Hypogastric (Pubic) Region | Inferior to the umbilical region |
| Right/Left Iliac (Inguinal) Regions | Lateral to the hypogastric region |
| Right/Left Lumbar Regions | Lateral to the umbilical region |
| Right/Left Hypochondriac Regions | Flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs |
Created by:
sarah23me1
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