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Unit 2 A&P
Study tool
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abdominopelvic Regions | 1)Right inguinal region/2)Right hypochondriac region/3)Right lumbar region/4)Left hypochondriac region/5)Left inguinal region/6)Left lumbar region/7)Umbilical region/8)Epigastric region/9)Hypogastric(pubic)region |
| Hypo | under |
| Pubis | Anterior pelvis |
| Lumbus | Loin |
| Anatomical position (landmarks) | Hands at sides/Palms forward |
| Thoracis | Chest |
| Epi | on |
| Brachium | Arm |
| Supine (landmarks) | Lying down/face up |
| Carpus | Wrist |
| Superficial characteristics (landmarks) | External |
| Chodrias | Cartilage |
| Prone (landmarks) | Lying down/face down |
| Inguen | Groin |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | 1)Left Lower Quadrant(LLQ)/2)Left Upper Quadrant(LUQ)/3)Right Lower Quadrant(RLQ)/4)Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ) |
| Anatomy | Study of structure |
| Lateral | side view |
| Frontal | front view |
| Anatomical direction | refers to the patient's left or right |
| Physiology | Study of function |
| Superior | above |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | closer to the back of the body |
| Anterior (Ventral) | closer to the front of the body |
| Medial | closer to midline of body |
| Lateral | Farther from midline of body |
| Deep | Farther from surface of body |
| Superficial | Closer to surface of body |
| Distal | Farther from point of attachment of limb to trunk |
| Proximal | Nearer to point of attachment of limb to trunk |
| Contralateral | On opposite sides of body |
| Ipsilateral | On same side of body |
| Intermediate | Between two structures |
| Planes | flat surfaces that divide the body or organs in order to expose internal structures |
| Mesentaries | Double layered folds of abdominal peritoneum/holds organs in place/contains blood and nerve supply. |
| Sagittal section | Separates right and left portions. |
| Midsagittal plane | Passes vertically through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves |
| Parasagittal plane | divides the body into unequal right and left portions |
| Frontal (coronal)plane | A coronal section separates anterior and sterior portions of the body; coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull |
| Transverse plane | Passes horizontally through the body and produces superior and inferior sections |
| Oblique planes | pass through the body at an angle |
| Otic | ear |
| Buccal | cheek |
| Axial | central part of the body, the head and trunk |
| Cephalic | head |
| Cranial | portion of the skull surrounding the brain |
| Facial | face |
| Frontal | forehead |
| Orbital | eye |
| Nasal | nose |
| Oral | mouth |
| Mental | chin |
| Occipital | back of head |
| Cervical | neck |
| Thoracic | chest |
| Sternal | breast bone |
| Mammary | breast |
| Abdominal | abdomen |
| Umbilical | navel |
| Coxal | hip |
| Pelvic | pelvis |
| Pubic | genital area |
| Dorsal | back |
| Scapular | shoulder blade region |
| Vertebral | spinal column |
| Lumbar | area of the back between the lowest rib and buttocks |
| Appendicular | extremities or limbs |
| Acromial | highest point of the shoulder |
| Axillary | armpit |
| Brachial | arm |
| Antecubital | anterior(front)surface fo the elbow |
| Olecranal | posterior(back)surface of the elbow |
| Antebrachial | forearm |
| Carpal | wrist |
| Manual | hand |
| Palmar | palm of the hand |
| Digital | digits (fingers) |
| Inguinal | groin where the thigh attaches to the pelvis |
| Gluteal | buttocks |
| Femoral | thigh |
| Patellar | anterior(front)surface of the knee |
| Popliteal | posterior(back)surface of the knee |
| Crural | anterior(front)surface of the leg |
| Fibular | lateral side of the leg |
| Sural | posterior(back)surface of the leg |
| Tarsal | ankle |
| Pedal | foot |
| Plantar | sole of the foot |
| Calcaneal | heel |
| Digital | digits (toes) |
| Tissues | Group of similar cells that functions together to carry out specialized activities(come from the same point) |
| 4 types of tissues | 1)Epithelial/2)Connective/3)Muscle/4)Nervous |
| Epithelial tissue | Covers surfaces/Lines internal passageways(cavities)/Form glands |
| Connective tissue | Fills internal spaces/Supports other tissues/Transports materials/Stores energy |
| Muscle tissue | Specialized for contraction |
| 3 types of Muscle tissues | 1)Skeletal/2)Cardiac/3)Smooth (walls hollow organs; ex:uterus, bladder) |
| Neural tissue | Carries electrical from 1 part of the body to another |
| Characteristics of Epithelia | Arranged in sheets/Contain nerve supply/high rate of mitosis/avascular/regeneration |
| Functions of Epithelia | Protection/Control permeability/Sensation/Produce specialized secretions/absorption |
| Cell Junctions | Forms bond with other cells or extra cellular material |
| Tight junctions | formed by the fusion of the outer layers of 2 cells |
| Gap junctions | makes a channel between 2 cells |
| Button desmosomes | ties adjacent cells together |
| Classes of Epithelia | Based on shape and layers |
| Based on Layers | simple(1 thick cell layered)& stratified(multiple layers stack together) |
| Based on Shape | Squamous(flat)/Cuboidal(cube)(square)/Columnar(tall and slender/nucleus looks like is sinking to the bottom) |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | functions:Reduces friction,controls vessel permeability,performs absorption and secretion |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Protects/Keratin proteins add strength and water resisrtance |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Kidney tubules(giant nucleus) |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Sweat glands ducts & Mammary ducts |
| Transitional Epithelium | Urinary bladder-tolerates repeated cycles of stretching without damage |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Intestinal lining-absorption & secretion |
| Pseudostratifies Columnar Epithelium | (false layered)-Trachea=cilia on surface is the easiest way to identify it. |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Salicary gland duct(protection) |
| Connective tissues | Most abundant tissue in the body/Connect epithelium to the rest of the body/Provide structure(bone)/Store energy(fat)/Transport materials(blood)/Have NO contact with environment. |
| Epidermis | provides mechanical protection and helps keep microorganisms outside the body. |
| Papillary layer | layer of the dermis is composed of areolar connective tissue, and provides a junction between the epidermis and dermis, as well as ridges for gripping that appear in fingerprints. |
| Dermis | The connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis of the skin. |
| Reticular layer | body of the dermis is composed of the reticular layer which is responsible for holding hairs, sebaceous and sweat glands. |
| Subcutaneous layer(hypodermis) | Fat storage and blood supply to dermis are taken care of in the subcutaneous layer. |
| Hair shaft | The hair serves as protection for the surface of the body, both insulating and cushioning the underlying skin. |
| Pore of sweat gland ducts | an exocrine gland, with an opening to the surface of the skin for sweat secretions. |
| Sebaceous gland | Oil production is carried out in the sebaceous glands in order to maintain flexibility of the epidermis and the hair. |
| Hair follicle | An accessory structure of the integument; a tube lined by a stratified squamous epithelium that begins at the surface of the skin and ends at the hair papilla. |
| Sweat gland duct | The conduit from a sweat gland to the outer surface of epithelium is the sweat gland duct. |
| Nerve fibers | Sensory information concerning pain are simple nerve fibers located in the dermis. |
| Sweat gland | The production of sweat is carried out in the sweat glands. |
| Artery | A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward a peripheral capillary. |
| Vein | A blood vessel carrying blood from a capillary bed toward the heart. |
| Fat | Adipose, or fat, has a purpose: it assists in protection, energy storage and heat retention. |
| Keloid | Thickened areas covered by shiny smooth epithelial skin |
| Dense Connective tissue(Dense Regular) | fibers look like they run in the same direction |
| Dense Conn. Tissue(Elastic ligament) | found between the vertebrae |
| Dense Conn. Tissue(Dense Irregular) | Fibers run everywhere |
| Fluid Connective Tissues | Blood & Lymph-watery matrix of dissolved proteins/carry specific cell types/(watery part of the plasma) |
| Supportive Connective Tissues | Support soft tissues and body weight: Cartilage & Bone |
| Cartilage | shock absorption & protection/no blood vessels (avascular) |
| Bone | Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)/weight support |
| Types of Cartilage | Hyaline: Most common/Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces/trachea, between tips of ribs and bones of sternum |
| Types of Cartilage | Elastic: Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape/external ear |
| Fibrocartilage | Resist compression/prevent bone-to-bone contact;limits relative movement/between pubic bones & intervertebral discs |
| Bone structure (livin' tissue) | Most supportive connective tissue/Strong/resist shattering (flexible collagen fiber) |
| Osteocytes | maintains the bones (bone cells)/communicate with the blood vessels and with one another by means of slender cytoplasmic extensions |
| Membranes | physical barrier/lines or covers portions of the body/Consist of:Epithelium & Supported by connective tissue |
| Fascia | Layers & wrappings of connective tissue that support or surround organs |
| Integumentary System | Includes:Cutaneous Membrane (skin):Epidermis & Dermis |
| Integumentary System (continues) | Accessory Structures: Nails/Hair/Exocrine glands. |
| Hypodermis | stores fat/also gives fluidity to allow skin to move around |
| Functions of the Skin | Protection/Excretion & Absorption/Body temperature regulation/Synthesis of vitamin D3/Stores lipids/Detection of sensation/Blood reservoir |
Created by:
autowns2001
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