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after midterm
After the Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tunica intima | Innermost layer. Endothelium |
| Tunica media | Middle layer. Smooth muscle |
| Tunica adventitia | Outermost fibreous layer. Connective tissue |
| Capiliary | Microscopic blood vessels. Diffuse |
| Precapillary sphincter | Smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries |
| Sphincter | Muscle hole |
| Arteries | Carry blood away from the heart |
| Veins | Carry blood towards the heart |
| Plasma | Liquid matrix |
| Formed elements | Cells and cell fragments |
| Red blood cells | RBC's. Erythrocytes. Contain hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen transport. Protein. |
| White blood cells | WBC's. Leukocytes. Recognize and destroy "invaders" |
| Platelets | Cell fragments involved in clotting |
| Hemostasis | The process of stopping bleeding |
| Hemostasis 1: vascular spasm | Smooth muscle in the middle layer of a vessel contracts |
| Hemostasis 2: platelet plug | Platelets stick to the damaged blood vessel walls. They release serotonin which causes a sustained contraction of vascular smooth muscle |
| Serotonin | Causes sustained contraction of vascular smooth |
| Hemostasis 3: clot formation | Plasma proteins remain in blood. Have temporary and permanent functions |
| Hepatocytes | Form plasma proteins |
| Fibrin | Temporary clot with fibrin and platelets. |
| Serum | No blood cells nor clotting factors but all proteins and other substances not used in clotting. . |
| Hemophilia | Defect in blood coagulation |
| Coagulation | clotting |
| Hemorrhage | Bleed |
| Thrombus | Stationary fibrin clot |
| Embolus | Travelling thrombus |
| Aneurysm | Sac-like enlargement of a blood vessel caused by a weakening of its wall |
| Anemia | Reduced amount of hemoglobin. Pallor |
| Cyanosis | Bluish hue in skin, gums, nails |
| Lymphatic system function 1 | Lipid transport |
| Lipids | Fats |
| Lymphatic system function 2 | Resistance to disease |
| Lymphatic system function 3 | Empties excess interstitial fluid into the veins of the superior thorax (chest) |
| Edema | Accumulation of excessive amount of interstitial fluid. |
| Cervical region | Neck |
| Axillary region | Armpit |
| Inguinal region | Groin |
| Epicardium | Outer layer of heart connective tissue (adventitia) |
| Myocardium | Middle heart muscle layer |
| Myo- | Muscle |
| Endocardium | Inner layer of smooth endothelium that lines the heart |
| Atria | Two receiving, superior chambers of the heart |
| Ventricles | Two inferior, discharging chambers of the heart |
| Sinoatrial (S.A.) node | Small mass of tissue in the right atrium. Functions as a pacemaker. Sets pace of the action potentials (electrical impulses) that initiate heart contractions |
| Gap junctions | Allow action potentials to pass from one heart cell to another so heart cells contract in unison |
| Ectopic pacemaker | Any other pacemaker than the sinoatrial node |
| Systole | Contraction of the ventricles |
| Diastole | Relaxation of the ventricles |
| HR | 71 bpm |
| Tachycardia | HR greater than 100 bpm |
| Bradycardia | HR less than 60 bpm |
| Systemic circulation | Left heart receives freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary vein and pumps it to cells via the aorta and systemic arteries |
| Aorta | Carries blood to all other arteries |
| Systemic capillaries | Oxygen to cells |
| Vena cavae | Largest veins |
| Pulmonary circulation | Right heart pumps unoxygenated blood via pulmonary arteries to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and brought to the left heart via pulmonary veins |
| Pulmonary arteries | Takes unoxygenated blood to lungs |
| Pulmonary veins | Oxygenated blood picked up at lungs taken to left heart |
| Coronary arteries | Encircle heart. Feed myocardium during diastole |
| Shock | Sudden drop of blood flow. Hypotension, Hyperventilation, cyanotic skin, oliguria |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure |
| Hyperventilation | Over breathing |
| Cyanotic skin | Bluish skin |
| Oliguria | Decreased urine flow |
| Essential hypertension = Primary or Idiopathic Hypertension | unknown cause |
| Baroreceptor | Sensory nerve in carotid artery. Sensitive to stretching of carotid artery wall |
| Cardiac Arrest | Failure of heart to pump blood. If persists for over 5 minutes can cause brain damage |
| Arrythmia | most common is ventricular fribillation |
| Heart murmur | Abnormal sound in heart valves |
| Atherosclerosis | Clogging of arteries |
| Ischemia | Loss of blood flow due to obstruction |
| Angina Pectoris | Severe constricting pain in the chest (pectoris) |
| Angina | Severe constricting pain |
| Necrosis | Cell death |
| Ischemic necrosis | Death of area of heart. Usually due to coronary artery |
| Infarction | Necrosis caused by local lack of oxygen |
| Infarct | Lesion caused by ischemia |
| Lesion | Damaged area |
| Myocardial Infarction | Death of some heart tissue = heart attack |
| Atrial Fibrillation = AF or A-FIB | abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid irregular breathing |
| Fibrillation | Vermicular twitching of muscle fibre |
| Defibrillation | More successful if performed within 5 minutes of cardiac arrest |
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