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Pre-Ad Anatomy 3
For quiz 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin | Cutaneous layer aka integument, integumentary system |
| Epidermis | Outer, non-vascular, non-sensitive layer of the skin. 5 layers on thick skin. Epithelial tissue |
| Stratum corneum | Outer layer of the epidermis consisting of several layers of flat keratinized cells among the stratified squamous epithelial cells |
| Keratin | Tough insoluble protein. Main constituent of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, etc., and of the outermost layer of skin. |
| Stratum basale aka stratum germanitivum | The deepest layer of the epidermis composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells |
| Stem cell | A cell that upon division replaces its own numbers and also gives rise to cells that differentiate further into one of more specialized types |
| Melanocyte | Cell that produces melanin |
| Melanin | Insoluble dark pigment. accounts for dark skin, hair, fur, scales, feathers |
| Common mole | Nevus. Growth that develops when melanocytes grow in clusters |
| Dermis | Connective tissue layer deep to the epidermis; contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves, sensory receptors oil and sweat glands |
| Sebaceous glands | Oil glands. Cutaneous glands that secrete sebum. |
| Sebum | Lubricates hair and skin, prevents excessive water evaporation and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria. |
| Blackheads | Caused by excess oils that have accumulated in the sebaceous gland's duct. Consist of keratin and modified sebum which darken as oxidizes |
| Acne | areas of skin with seborrhea |
| Seborrhea | Scaly red skin with blackheads, pimples and possible scarring. Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles -- face upper chest and back. "orrhea" is flow in greek. "Flow of Sebum" |
| Boil | Furuncle. Infection of the hair follicle. caused by bacteria and accumulation of pus and dead tissue |
| Carbuncle | Cluster of boils |
| Goosebumps | Contraction of the arrector pili muscles. Causing the follicular orifices to become prominent. |
| Neoplasm | New, often uncontrolled abnormal mass of tissue; tumor |
| Oncology | Branch of medical science dealing with cancer |
| Malignant | Dangerous or harmful |
| Metastasis | Appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor. |
| -oma | Used to name forms of tumors |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Most common, least dangerous; arises from basal cells of the epithelium |
| Melanoma | Malignant growth of melanocytes skin tumors |
| ABCD Rule | Nevius is Asymmetrical, has irregular Border, changes Color, has increased Diameter |
| CNS | Central Nervous system. Brain and spinal cord. Link between brain and body |
| PNS | Peripheral nervous system. Everything outside CNS. Carries information to CNS and instructions from CNS to effectors . Links the Body to the CNS |
| Effectors | Muscles and glands |
| Neurons | Nerve cells. Able to conduct electrical impulses aka action potentials. Functional units of the nervous system |
| Neuroglia aka glia | A class of cells in the brain and spinal cord that support and protect neurons |
| Cell body | Soma. The part of the neuron that contain organelles |
| Nerve fibre | Axon. an extension of the neuron that carries signals away from its cell body, towards another neuron or effector |
| Dendrite | An extension of the neuron that carries signals towards its cell body from another neuron |
| Nerve | A bundle of axons in the PNS |
| Tract | A bundle of nerve fibres in the CNS |
| Myelin | White fatty material that insulates axons. MS=demylenating disease |
| Synapes | Site of communication between two neurons. |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical that moves from one neuron to the next at the synapse. |
| Cerebral hemispheres | Either of the rounded halves of the cerebrum. Each cerebral hemisphere has 4 lobes. TOPF |
| Frontal lobe | Conscious movement of skeletal muscles, thinking |
| Parietal Lobe | Touch, pain analysis |
| Occipital Lobe | Visual analysis |
| Temporal Love | Auditory, smell analysis |
| Stroke | A sudden neurological affliction usually related to the impaired cerebral blood supply is called a stroke. Face Arm Speech Time. |
| Limbic system | A group of structures in the brain that are associated with emotion memory and mood. |
| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs of spinal nerves of the PNS carry info to and from the Spinal cord |
| Mixed nerve | Carries info two and from the CNS |
| 24 Articulating vertebrae | Veretebral column usually consists of 24 articulating vertebrae and 9 fused vertebrae. 24 + 9=31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| 9 Fused vertebrae | of the sacrum and coccyx. |
| 7 Cervical vertebrae | |
| C1 | Atlas |
| C2 | Axis. Dens is nub |
| Somatic Nervous System SNS | Motor neurons to skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System ANS | Motor neurons to blood vessels, heart, smooth muscles, viscera and glands |
| Enteric Nervous System ENS | Controls digestion. Can function independently of ANS and CNS |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Flight or flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Resting and digesting eg decreases HR |
| Sphincters | Circular muscles that contract |
| Vertabral Body | Most anterior segment |
| Pedicules | 2 |
| Laminae | 2 |
| Spinous process (SP) | Formed by the junction of the laminae |
| Transverse Process (TVP) | Laterally projecting processes |
| Spinal Bifida | The non fusion of the lamina (roof) |
| Thoracic vertebrae | 12 |
| Lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
| Cervical Vertebrae | 7 |
| Sacrum | Bottom connects to coccyx |
| Coccyx | Tailbone |
| Sensory | Afferent neurons. Conduct impulses from the periphery of the body to the CNS |
| Motor | Efferent neurons. Conduct impulses from the CNS to the effectors -- muscle or gland capable of responding to a stimulous |
| ANS has two divisions | Sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
| Sympathetic | Increases heart rate |
| Parasympathetic | Decreases heart rate |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Disease of CNS. Demylination, leaving multiple areas of scar tissue (sclerosis) along the covering of the nerve cells. Disrupts ability of axons to conduct electrical impulses |
| Etiologies | Causes |
| Paraesthesia | Tingling. |
| Ataxia | Loss of coordination |
| Paresis | Partial paralsysis, weakness |
| Vertigo | Extreme dizziness |
| Emotional Lability | Mood swings |
| Dysarthria | Difficulty in articulation of speech |
| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs connect to brain |
Created by:
Casita
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