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Pre-Ad Anatomy 2
For quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endoskeleton | Internal support structure. Bone and cartilage |
| Exoskeleton | External skeleton |
| Bone | Osseous tissue. A hard vascular connective tissue. Contains cells in a mineralized collagen matrix |
| Osteoblast | A bone-forming cell |
| Osteoclast | A phagocyte; removes osseous tissue to remodel bones and to release calcium needed by the nervous system and muscle |
| Phagocyte | Cell that ingests foreign particles |
| Compact bone | Dense bone that forms the external layer of all bones |
| Spongy bone | Trabeculae and bone marrow |
| Trabeculae | Rod-like bits of bone |
| Articulation | Joint. Where two bones come together |
| Head of the femur | The highest part of the thigh bone (femur). Supported by the femoral neck. |
| Acetabulum | Hip bone's cup shaped socket |
| Viscosity | The ability of a fluid to reduce friction |
| Articular cartilage | Cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones forming synovial joints |
| Synovial joint | A joint containing synovial fluid |
| Synovial fluid | A viscous fluid that lubricates the articular surfaces of a joint |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa |
| Bursa | A closed sac lined with synovial membrane and containing fluid |
| Itis | Inflamation |
| Tendon | A connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| Femur | Thigh bone |
| Patella | Kneecap |
| Supra- | Above |
| Osteoarthritis | "Wear and tear" arthritis. Characterized by erosion of articular cartilage |
| Arth- | Joint |
| Osteoperosis | A disorder in which bones become more porous, brittle and subject to fracture due to loss of calcium |
| Vertebrae | Bones of the spinal column |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Inflammation and deformity of the joints. Autoimmune disease |
| Immune system | Protective force, beats up bad guys but can get over zealous. |
| Pannus | Abnormal tissue erodes articular cartilage and bone ends fuse |
| Ankylosis | Fused joint (anky is Greek for "bent") |
| Muscle | Is composed of elongated muscle cells (aka muscle fibres) |
| Muscle fibres | Muscle fibre contraction (shortening) produces movement |
| Cardiac muscle | Myocardium |
| Gap junctions | Allow electrical currents to pass from one cell to another so that heart cells contract in unison. |
| Fibrillation | Chaotic contractions across the heart |
| Defibrillator | Sends a therapeutic dose of electric current through the heart to restore normal contractions |
| Smooth Muscle | Found in the walls of the viscera. Regulates the flow of blood. Peristalsis. Generally not voluntary. |
| Viscera | Hollow organs of the body except the heart |
| Skeletal muscle | Striated and attached to the skeleton. |
| Endo- | Within, inside |
| Endomysium | Within the muscle. A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle cell. |
| Ligament | A connective tissues that connects bone to bone |
| Sprain | An injury to a ligament. Ligament injuries involve a stretching or a tearing of this tissue |
| Strain | Muscle or tendon |
| Sarcopenia | Degenererative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with aging. Sarco means flesh (Sarcasm). Penia means poverity. |
| Fibromyalgia | Fatigue and muscle pain and tender points. Can involve pain amplification. -algia = pain. |
| Endo- | within, on the inside |
| Anatomical Position | Head and palms facing forwards. DW |
| Distal | Farther away from attachment of a limb |
| Proximal | closer to the attachment of a limb |
| Mid-sagital plane | Divides the body into left and right halves and is used as a reference for the following terms. |
| Lateral | Farther from the midsagittal plane |
| Medial | Closer to the midsagittal plane |
| Clavicle | Collar bone |
| Scapula | Shoulder bone |
| Humerus | Thigh bone |
| Ulna | Elbow side |
| Radius | Thumb side |
| Carpals | 8 proximal bones of hand that form two rows (4 bones each) proximal and distal |
| Metacarpals | 5 long bones spanning the palm of the hand |
| Phalanges | Finger digit/toe phalanx bones (3 per finger,/toe 2 on thumb/big toe, 14 total) |
| Coxal bones and sacrum (pelvis) | Coaxal=hipbones. Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis. Together with sacrum makes pelvis. |
| Tarsals | 7 proximal bones of foot. Similar shape to carpal bones. Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial, middle and lateral cuneiforms. |
| Metatarsals | 5. Correspond to phalanges of toes. #1 big toe metatarsal. |
| Tibia | Main bone, medial and on big toe side (corresponds to radius) |
| Fibula | Smaller bones, lateral and on little toes side (corresponds to ulna) |
| Phalanx | Distal, middle and proximal. Big toe just has phalanges |
| Cuneiforms | 3. Proximal to the phalanges and distal to the navicular |
| Navicular | Medial to cuboid. "Little boat" =navicula |
| Calcaneus | Heelbone in Latin. Calx=chalk |
| Talus | Proximal bone of foot, closest to groin. from Taxillus die. Roman soldiers made dice from talus bones of horses |
| Dorsal surface of the foot. Dorsum | Would be the bottom if we were on all fours. Ventral is front. |
| Plantar surface of the foot | Bottom of the foot. |
| Dorsiflexion | The upward movement of the foot |
| Inversion | The sole of the foot faces inward |
| Supinated | up |
| Pisiform | Sesamoid. Locate by palpating the medial aspect of the most distal crease in the wrist for "bony resistance" |
| Tunnel of Guyon | Allows passage of the ulnar artery and nerve into the hand. The space is medially bounded by the pisiform on the ulner side and the hook of the hamate on the radial side. |
| Ulnar nerve | Runs along the ulna (funny bone". Ends between the 4th and ftfh fingers with a branch towards the thumb |
| Tibalis anterior | Origin (PA) upper lateral surface of the tibia. Insertion (DA) 1rst cuneiform and proximal end of the 1rst metatarsal. Contraction = dorsiflection and inversion of foot. |
| Origin | Proximal attachment (PA). Most muscles have a proximal origin and distal insertion (but not always) |
| Insertion | Distal attachment (DA) |
| Concentric contraction | Muscle shortens as it contracts. Used to accelerate and object or yourself |
| Proximal attachment fixed | The proximal attachment is more stable than the distal attachment. Often but not always true |
| Sesamoids | Bones that are completely contained within muscle tendons. On foot on distal end of first and fifth metatarsals |
| Distal attachment | Insertion |
| Eccentric contraction (not bolded word) | Contraction of a muscle during its lengthening. Muscle decelerates under tension. Eccentric to earth. "Loosing" vs the "winning" aka shortening aka concentric attraction |
| -ceps (head) | If a muscle has more than one proximal attachment the attaching segments are called heads. Quads = five heads (rectus femoris has two heads) |
| Innominate bone | Hip bone. Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis = coxal bone |
| Quadriceps | PA hip bone =innominate bone=coxal bone and femur. DA - Tibia. Rectus femoris (two heads), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedus. Actions hip flexion and knee extension |
| -algia | pain |
| peristalsis | Contraction of smooth muscle |
| -epi | on the outside, upon |
Created by:
Casita
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