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Apologia Human Body
Module 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymph tissue | Groups of lymphocytes and other cells which support the lymphocytes |
| Lymph nodes | Encapsulated masses of lymph tissue found along lymph vessels |
| Lymph | Watery fluid formed from interstitial fluid and found in lymph vessels |
| Edema | A buildup of excess fluid in the tissues, which can lead to swelling |
| Immunological defense | The process by which the body protects itself from pathogenic invaders such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and foreign substances |
| Diffuse lymphatic tissue | Concentrations of lymphatic tissue with no clear boundaries |
| Lymph nodules | Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, somewhat spherical structures |
| Innate immunity | An immune response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin encountered |
| Acquired immunity | An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin |
| Complement | A series of 20 plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells. They (1) lyse bacteria, (2) promote phagocytosis, and (3) promote inflammation. |
| Interferon | Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins stimulate nearby cells to produce virus-fighting substances. |
| Pyrogens | Chemicals which promote fever by acting on the hypothalamus |
| Humoral immunity | Immunity which comes from antibodies in blood plasma |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Immunity which comes from the actions of T-lymphocytes |
| interstitial fluid | fluid that exists between the cells |
| tonsils | groups of lymph nodules found in the throat and on the back of the tongue |
| Peyer's patches | groups of lymph nodules found in the wall of the small intestine |
| afferent lymph vessels carry blood ________ the lymph node | into |
| efferent lymph vessels carry lymph ________ the lymph node | away from |
| ____________________ functions are 1) testing the lymph for foreign invaders 2) adding lymphocytes to the blood 3) be a reservoir of oxygen-rich blood | lymph node |
| ____________________ functions are 1) cleanse the blood of foreign invaders 2) adding lymphocytes to the blood 3) filtering the lymph with macrophages | spleen |
| The ______________ 1) is where T-lymphocytes mature 2) secretes thymosin | thymus |
| constant region | section of the antibody that determines what groups it is in |
| _________________ can inactivate antigens by binding to them, binding them together in groups, activating complement, stimulating phagocytosis, and stimulating inflammation | antibodies |
| ________________ release antibodies | plasma B-cells |
| ________________ remember the infection so that they can respond to the next infection | memory B-cells |
| ________________ attack and lyse foreign cells | cytotoxic T-cells |
| memory T-cells | remember the infection for the next time |
| _______________ promote the proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells | helper T-cells |
| MHC | a group of glycoproteins that identifies cells as part of the body |
| variable region | section of the antibody that determines what antigen it can bind to |
| vasodilation | result of inflammation which causes increased blood flow |
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