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Apologia Human Body
Module 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood is composed of 50% _________________. | water |
| If your white blood cell count is high, you probably have an ___________________________. | infection |
| The maximum number of oxygen molecules that can be carried by one hemoglobin molecule is __________. | four |
| A blood cell is seen moving on it's own, so it must be a _________________________. | leukocyte |
| A medicine with an antihistamine affects this type of cell. | basophil |
| The three steps in the coagulation process produce these | prothrombinase, thrombin, fibrin |
| Tissue or blood vessel damage produces this. | prothrombinase |
| Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into this. | thrombin |
| Thrombin converts fibrinogen into this. | fibrin |
| Clean cuts do not promote _______________________ as well as jagged cuts do. | vasoconstriction |
| vasoconstrictive stage | first stage in hemostasis |
| platelet plug stage | second stage in hemostasis |
| coagulation stage | third stage in hemostasis |
| The release of this chemical stimulates several chemical processes that cause the platelets to stick together | thromboxane |
| Some things are ____________ in the coagulation process, and some things are already in the bloodstream. | made |
| Type O blood is called this because a person with any blood type can receive it without their body producing antibodies against it. | universal donor type |
| If a person with O- blood donates blood, this blood type has no risk in receiving this blood. | O- |
| If a person with O- blood donates blood, all other ___________________ have a low risk in receiving this blood. | blood types |
| As a universal recipient, people with this type of blood can receive transfusions from any blood type with low risk. | AB |
| To be a truly universal blood recipient, the blood must be this type, because Rh positive people do not produce the anti-Rh antibodies, and whether the blood donated is Rh positive or not will not matter. | AB+ |
| Blood from the ___________________ comes from the body tissues and is deoxygenated. | right atrium |
| Blood from the _________________ comes from the lungs and is oxygenated. | left atrium |
| Deoxygenated blood is moving away from the heart. What ventricle was the blood just in? | right |
| Deoxygenated blood is moving away from the heart, and left the heart through the ________________________. | pulmonary trunk |
| Blood is more __________dense than water. So, if you fill a balloon with blood and throw it in water, it will __________. | dense, sink |
| The _______ of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45. | pH |
| The pH of blood has to be tightly controlled because many of the ____________________________ which control the body work properly only in a narrow range of pH. | chemical reactions |
| The two main components of blood are ______________ (55%) and ______________________ 45%) | plasma, formed elements |
| 50% of blood is _________________ | water |
| __________________ is mostly water. It also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, regulatory chemicals, and waste | plasma |
| ____________________ make up most of the blood's formed elements. There are also leukocytes and blood platelets. | erythrocytes |
| ____________________ carries oxygen in the blood. | hemoglobin |
| What metal must be in the hemoglobin in order for it to work properly? | iron |
| _______________________ have a short life span because mature ones have no nucleus, and cannot make the proteins that they need and can't repair damge or replace degenerated proteins | red blood cells |
| granulocytes | neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
| agranulocytes | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| Fight infections by phagocytosis | neutrophils, monocytes |
| Release histamine and heparin | basophils |
| ____________________ are anti-inflammatory | eosinophils |
| ___________________ produce antibodies | lymphocytes |
| Blood cells are formed from ____________________ found in the bone marrow. | stem cells |
| A ___________________ is the plug formed in platelet plug formation | thrombus |
| Coagulation factors play a critical role in this stage of blood coagulation | stage 1 |
| If a blood coagulation factor is present, does this guarantee that coagulation is occurring? | no |
| If an activated coagulation factor is present, does this guarantee that coagulation is occurring? | yes, because factors are only activated during the coagulation process |
| Blood type ___________ is the universal donor, because it has no antigens at all. | O- |
| Blood type ____________ is the universal recipient, because it has no antibodies and, regardless of the anti gens in the donor's blood, the recipient has no antibodies to attack the cells. | AB+ |
| A father has type A blood and a mother has type B blood. What types are possible for these parents' children? | type A, type B, type AB or type O |
| A father and mother are both Rh positive. They have a child who is Rh negative. This can happen because each parent must have a Rh-negative ___________. Each parent donates a _______________ allele. | allele, recessive |
| A person's blood pressure is 120 over 80. 120 is _____________ and 80 is __________________ | systolic, diastolic |
| Systolic refers to ventricular _______________________. | contraction |
| Diastolic refers to ventricular ______________________. | relaxation |
| The ____________________ ____________ is a clump of cardiac tissue that generates action potentials which cause atrial contraction. | sinoatrial node |
| The __________________ __________ is a clump of cardiac tissue that generates action potentials which cause ventricular contraction. | atrioventricular node |
| The sinoatrial node is also called this. | pacemaker |
| Blood pressure is lower in these types of blood vessels. | veins |
| Viscosity | The resistance to flow and alteration of shape due to cohesion |
| Plasma | The fluid portion of blood, which is mostly water |
| Formed elements of blood | The cells and cell parts of blood produced by the bone marrow |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells which carry the oxygen in blood |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells which perform various defensive functions in blood |
| Platelets | Cell fragments in blood which help prevent blood loss |
| Diapedesis | Passage of any formed element of blood |
| Chemotaxis | Attraction of cells to chemical simuli |
| Hemopoiesis | The process by which the formed elements of blood are made in the body |
| Hemostasis | The process by which the body stops blood loss |
| Coagulation factors | Proteins in blood plasma which help initiate the blood coagulation process |
| Antigen | A protein or carbohydrate that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Capillaries | Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and cells |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
| Pulmonary circulation | Circulation of the blood over the air sacs of the lungs |
| Systemic circulation | Circulation of the blood through the other tissues of the body |
| Systolic phase | The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract |
| Diastolic phase | The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax |
| Cardiac cycle | One complete round of systole and diastole |
| Arterioles | The smallest arteries that still have tunics |
| Venules | Small veins that do not have three tunics but instead have only an endothelium, a basement membrane, and a few smooth muscle cells |
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