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Art Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an example of an art subject matter? | Landscapes, cityscapes, the figure, the portrait, still life |
| What is an art medium/media? | Drawing, painting, collage, printmaking, sculpture, fibers |
| Line | A path traced by a moving point |
| Shape | General outline of an object, 2-D, can be geometric or organic |
| Form | 3-D equivalent of shape, can be geometric or organic |
| Texture | Roughness/smoothness of a surface, can be real or implied |
| Space | Can be flat or show the illusion of depth or perspective, linear/atmospheric perspective |
| Color | Hue, effect of the reflection of light on the back of the eye |
| Complementary Colors | Opposite on the color wheel |
| Value | Lightness/darkness of pencil tones/colors |
| Balance | Distribution of visual weight in a work of art, symmetrical/asymmetrical |
| Unity | Combines the principles of design and the physical aspects of a painting to create a single, harmonious artwork |
| Emphasis, focal point, center of interest | The first thing your eye sees in a work of art |
| Contrast | Differences in a work of art using art elements |
| Pattern | Repetition of art elements |
| Rhythm | Art elements are repeated to create movement in an artwork |
| Movement | Directs the viewer's eyes to the center of interest, shows action |
| Characteristics of Hindu art | Many gods are represented, Hinduism has dominated the art of India for 2500+ years |
| Characteristics of Buddhist art | Emerged in 6th century B. C., inspired by the religion, influence of Buddhist art can be found in Japan, Buddha is represented in sculptures |
| Characteristics of Islamic art | Human figure is rare - used in tales, Asia is dominated by Islam - has influenced Asian art |
| Taj Mahal | Agra, India, example of Islamic inspired architecture |
| Trompe I'oeil | A painting that's so realistic that the viewer may think it's real, French for "fool the eye" |
| Non-western art | Art from any culture that's not related to people of North America/Western Europe |
| Characteristics of Japanese art | Simplicity of form/design, attentiveness to beauty of nature and subtlety |
| Borobudor | Buddhist temple with 10 levels, "cosmic mountain", one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world |
| Australian aboriginal x-ray art | Depicts the inside and outside of the animal/figure in one image |
| Batik | Coloring/dying process using wax stencil to protect design areas from colorization by dyeing of cloth/paper |
| 3 Characteristics of Islamic architecture | Towers for call to prayer, courtyard, dome |
| Alhambra | Spain, palace |
| Blue Mosque | Istanbul, Turkey, working mosque |
| Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey, originally a church, converted to a mosque, today it's a museum/being restored |
| Mosaic | Consists of pieces of colored marble/glass embedded in a layer of adhesive material |
| Fresco | Method of painting, pigments are suspended in water and are applied to a thin layer of wet plaster so that it absorbs the color and the painting becomes part of the wall |
| Fetish Figure | An object to which magical powers are ascribed, good luck charm |
| Oni of Ife | King of Ife bronze sculpture |
| Machu Picchu | "Lost city of the Incas", Peru |
| Serpent Mound | Ohio, created by Native Americans, snake holding oval object in mouth |
| Cliff Dwellings of Mesa Verde | Built by Anasazi, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, native American apartment houses |
| Maria Martinez | Native American potter from New Mexico, known for black polished pottery |
| Caves at Lascaux | 15,000 B. C., France, paintings of animals, closed to public in 1963 |
| Venus of Willendorf | 25,000 B. C., female fertility sculpture, Austria, made of limestone |
| Stonehenge | 2,000 B. C., ritual site, Salisbury Plain, England, constructed for solstices/equinoxes, times for planting/harvesting/religious ceremonies, cromlech/lintels |
| Ziggurat at Ur | Sumerian temple, Iraq |
| Great Pyramids | Largest was built for Cheops, stones were cut so accurately that it's hard to find a place where a knife can be forced between two surfaces, guarded by the Great Sphinx |
| Imhotep | First known artist name in history, architect for Step Pyramid of King Zoser |
| Palace at Knossos, Palace of Minos | Crete, contains many rooms, running water, sewage system, theater, storerooms, terraces, and elaborately decorated quarters for rulers |
| Kouros | Naked male sculpture in Greek art, archaic smile |
| Peplos Kore | Clothed female sculpture in Greek art, archaic smile |
| Nike of Samothrae | Greek sculpture representing "winged victory" |
| Amphora | Greek vase used as storage jar |
| Colosseum | Ancient Roman stadium |
| Parthenon | Greek, acropolis in Athens, built for Athena |
| Pantheon | Rome, built for gods, large dome |
| Mosaics of San Vitale | Ravenna, Italy, tesserae pressed into wet plaster, Emperor Justinian/Empress Theodora with attendants, Christianity is appearing in art |
| St. Mark's church in Venice | Largest and most lavishly decorated church of its time |
| Cathedral of St. Basil, Moscow | Onion-shaped domes surrounding a central tent-like structure |
| Medieval Art, Middle Ages | Spanned over 1,000 years (500-1,500 A. D.) |
| Manuscript Illumination | Monks illustrated pages of scripture with animals, designs, and infinite detail |
| Lindisfarne Gospel | Illustrated in Christianized Great Britain, volume of many vellum pages |
| Romanesque Architecture | A style of architecture popular in the 11th and 12th centuries which uses rounded arches in windows/doorways |
| Bayeux Tapestry | Embroidery depicting Normans defeating English in 1066 A. D. |
| Renaissance | "Rebirth", intense artistic activity throughout Europe, fueled by renewed interest in ancient Romans/Greeks, science, and math |
| Medici | Powerful family in Florence, great patrons of arts during Renaissance |
| Cathedral of Florence | Brunelleschi, architectural/engineering wonder, two shells - linked with supports |
| Ghiberti | Sculpted the doors of the baptistery of Florence, won against Brunelleschi, took 20 years to finish, bronze covered in gold, panels that illustrate New Testament |
| Donatello | Florentine sculptor who used the contraposto (body in S-curve) of the Greeks to suggest action |
| David (Donatello) | Unique, first life-size, freestanding nude statue since ancient times, represents David's victory over Goliath |
| Tribute Money | Fresco, Peter paying tax collector, early example of linear/atmospheric perspective techniques |
| Fresco | Painting on wet plaster |
| Linear Perspective | Drawing/painting to give the illusion of depth on flat surface, lines receding into distance are drawn to imaginary vanishing points on horizon |
| Atmospheric/aerial Perspective | Creating the illusion of distance by representing objects further away with less detail/colors |
| Fra Angelico | Florentine master of landscape painting, Adoration of the Magi (tondo) |
| Tondo | Painting round in shape |
| Birth of Venus | Botticelli, scene based on traditional mythology, Venus rises from sea and emerges from shell |
| Dead Christ | Mantegna, extreme foreshortening |
| Foreshortening | A method of drawing/painting an object/person that's not parallel to the picture plane so that it seems to recede in space, giving illusion to 3-D, parts get smaller as they recede in space |
| Ghent Altarpiece | Started by Eyck - finished by Jan (brother), triptych, Belgium, tells story of Adoration of the Lamb, oil paint, symbolism, prophets/kings of old testament are on left, apostles/saints on right, Adam/Eve on top side panel |
| Arnolfini Wedding | Eyck, symbolism, signed |
| Portrait of a Lady | Weyden, oil on panel, shows realistic fabric |
| Descent from the Cross | Oil on panel, s-curve in Mary's and Christ's body |
| What were the two popular art forms in the Baroque period? | Tapestry and embroidery (fiber arts) |
| Bosch | Dutch painter, painted weird images/puzzling symbols |
| Garden of Delights | Bosch, triptych, left panel: Garden of Eden with Adam and Eve, right panel: Garden of Satan, center panel: paradise |
| Tower of Babel | Bruegel, story of Mesopotamia from Old Testament, reminiscent of the Roman Colosseum |
| Return of the Hunters | One of a series depicting the seasons of the year, painted peasants in daily activities/special festivals |
| Durer | Talented in woodcut/copper engraving, leader of the German High Renaissance, first artist outside Italy to become internationally acclaimed, first Northern artist to document himself in self-portraits, Knight, Death, and the Devil |
| Durer's self portrait | Hair is treated as individual lines |
| Holbein | One of the finest portrait painters of all time, court painter to Henry VIII, realistic painter |
| Sir Thomas More | Holbein, no one has painted velvet/fur more convincingly than him |
| The French Ambassadors | Holbein's greatest achievement, French Ambassador to England and friend on left, symbolism, skull appears at certain angle |
| Baroque Art | 1600 A. D., Rome was center of art world, church remained all-powerful/patronized the arts over Italy, ornate, decorative, dynamic, extravagant and theatrical |
| Bernini | One of the most influential Baroque artists |
| Ecstasy of Saint Theresa | Captures Baroque spirit, event involving St. Theresa |
| David (Bernini) | Marble, dramatic/energetic, in action |
| Caravaggio/Merisi | First giant of Baroque, rebel, painter, placing religious figures in common early settings, churches refused to commission his work |
| The Supper at Emmaus | Typical of Merisi's style, value contrasts, lit by single source of light, Easter Sunday evening - Christ appeared |
| Gentileschi | Female artist, moved from Florence to Rome |
| Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes | Centers around Judith surrendering to enemy, she cut off Holofernes' head causing army to retreat, single light source - deep shadows/lights |
| de la Tour | French Baroque artist |
| Magdalen with the Smoking Flame | Life of contemplation, oil on canvas, discovered and identified in 1972 |
| Versailles | Louis XIV built Versailles, first a symbol of the glory of the king, later a symbol of the excesses of the monarchy and helped bring the French Revolution, in today's money - it would've cost $10 billion |
| Leyster | Holland Baroque artist, best-known female painter of 17th century, painter of everyday life |
| Self-portrait by Leyster | Painting a violinist and both figures are cheerful |
| Lion Hunt | Rubens, lions were rare/exotic in his time, used lions in private zoos for models, combined drawings from many subjects to put this together |
| Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart | Hals, friend at local tavern |
| Hals | Enjoyed painting common people, successful portrait painter, died penniless in a poorhouse |
| Vermeer | Thought to have used a camera obscura, Allegory of the Art of Painting, Girl with the Pearl Earring |
| Allegory of the Art of Painting | Symbolism: model represents Clio, map of Holland represented it's the center of world art |
| Van Rijn | Greatest of Dutch painters and one of the great geniuses of the art world, downhill when wife died, left paintings/etchings/drawings, painted many self/group portraits |
| Velazquez | One of Spain's great artists of the Baroque period, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) |
| Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) | Velaquez, stands in front of canvas, princess with two ladies in waiting/dwarves/dog |
| Gainsborough | One of England's finest portrait painters, landscapes, The Morning Walk |
| Copley | American artist, lacked formal training |
| Paul Revere (painting) | Shows the famous silversmith and patriot in a moment of concentration |
| Johnson | First African American artist to gain prominence as an artist in America, self-taught, portrait painter of wealthy members of slave-holding families |
| Portrait of a Man | Johnson, flat quality that was typical of the work of limners |
| Jacques-Louis David | Painted under Louis XVI, embraced the Neoclassical style which arises from renewed interest in Classical ideas/design, Death of Marat |
| Napoleon in His Study | David, pose that became a model for official portraits in Western art and his trademark: hand-in-his-vest |
| Neoclassical architecture | Replaced the overworked surfaces of Baroque and Rococo palaces and churches with classic simplicity and balance (ex: U. S. Capitol) |
| Romanticism | A rebellion from Classic restrictions of form and proportion in the Neoclassical style, artists expressed feelings/emotions |
| Goya | Spanish artist, deaf, isolated man, genius of Romantic painting/printmaking |
| Third of May, 1808 | Goya, slaughtering of Spanish rebels by French soldiers, social protest painting showing man's inhumanity to man |
| Raft of the "Medusa" | Gericault, paintings of shipwreck survivors |
| Liberty Leading the People | Inspired by the 1830 insurrection in Paris, liberty holds the tri-colored French flag, lead revolutionaries over the street barricades |
| Constable | One of the first painters to paint outdoors, loved English landscape, first to paint water with clarity/depth of shadow, The Hay Wain |
| Turner | Early works were in watercolor - anticipated Impressionist movement, Snow Storm: Steam-board off a Harbor's Mouth |
| Cole | Leader of a group of painters in NY, rustic beauty and ideal settings were the essence of America, View on the Catskill, Early Autumn |
| Realism | Artists of realism believed that only what they could see/experience themselves was worthy subject matter, subjects had to be treated in as natural and realistic a way as possible |
| Bonheur | French, realist painter, animals for subjects - studied carefully, first women to receive the cross of the French Legion of Honor, Sheep by the Sea |
| Homer | American, self-taught, started with wood engravings as illustrations, Breezing Up |
| Eakins | One of America's finest painters, insisted that all students draw from nude models and was forced to resign as a teacher |
| The Gross Clinic | Eakins, painted for the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, painting of a surgeon in front of an audience |
| Impressionism | Style of painting that started in France in 1850, glimpse of the subject, emphasis on momentary effects of light on color |
| Post-Impressionism | The style of late 19th century French art that followed Impressionism |
| Claude Monet | Leading force in Impressionist movement bridging the span from the Realist world to the world of abstraction |
| Edgar Degas | Drew, sculpted and painted ballerinas, The Rehearsal on The Stage |
| Renoir | Painted portraits, still lives, landscapes, and figures creatively |
| Cassatt | American artist who drew/painted mother and child portraits |
| Whistler | American artist, grays/blacks, realistic portraits, Whistler's Mother |
| Rodin | French artist, Impressionist sculptures (ex: the Thinker) |
| George Seurat | French post-impressionist artist, pointillism, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte |
| Cezanne | Leading painter of late 19th century France, landscapes and still-life paintings |
| Van Gogh | Began painting at 27, sold one painting while alive, suicide at 37 |
| Gauguin | Van Gogh's friend, simple life in Tahiti |
| Munch | Tragic events affected art |
| Picasso | Early work was Blue Period - blue palette, cubism |
| Cubism | Style where subject is broken apart and reassembled in abstract form - geometric shapes |
| Rivera | Mexican muralist who married Kahlo |
| Matisse | Fauve ("wild beast") because of a wild use of color, experimented with collage later in life |
| Kandinsky | Created first completely nonobjective painting (1910) |
| Kahlo | Mexican artist, married to Rivera, self-portraits |
| Duchamp | Controversial artwork, Nude Descending a Staircase - "an explosion in a shingle factory" |
| Mondrian | Vertical/horizontal vertical lines, primary colors |
| da Vinci | Renaissance Man, left lots of notes in mirror images |
| The Last Supper | da Vinci, started peeling, in restoration |
| Mona Lisa | da Vinci, most famous portrait, hills obscured by sfumato, chiaroscuro (contrast between light and dark) |
| Pieta | Rome, Mary holds Christ, overall appearance/visual effect |
| David (Michelangelo) | Marble, muscular, sling shot |
| Dome of St. Peter's | Michelangelo, largest dome in the world |
| Sistine Chapel | Michelangelo, Old Testament, cleaned after 400 years |
| School of Athens | Fresco, Greek masters |
| Titian | Artistic giant from Venice |
| Kahlo | Mexican muralist, self-portraits, third eye |
| Cubism | Picasso (Spanish), surface design, geometric shapes |
| d' Avignon | Picasso, African masks, began Cubist movement, not cubist painting |
| Guernica | Picasso, symbolism, pain/chaos/agony, black/white/gray |
| Nude Descending the Staircase | Duchamp, controversial, motion |
| Diagonal Composition | Mondrian, nonobjective, stand on one corner |
| Bird in Space | Brancusi, bronze, sculpture of flight |
| Man Pointing | Bronze, elongated forms |
| Dali | Most famous Surrealist, subject matter in illogical situations |
| Persistence of Memory | Limp watches, large ants, partial face on a plane of depth |
| I and the Village | Chagall, cow dreaming, dreamlike |
| Twittering Machine | Happy, imagination |
| Miro | Spanish, black lines, shapes of primary color/black/white, abstract people |
| Time Transfixed | Magritte, surrealism |
| Object | Oppenheim, surrealist, objects with fur |
| Steerage | Stieglitz (married to O'Keeffe), sailing to Europe, separation |
| Lange | American great depression photographer, migrant workers |
| Adams | Emotional response in nature |
| O' Keeffe | Abstraction, paintings of nature |
| Calder | Abstract forms in space, "black widow", mobiles |
| Benton | Leader of Regionalists, Midwest, nature |
| Wood | American Gothic |
| Hopper | Nighthawks - loneliness in cities |
| Remington | Western, Outlaw - horse, cowboy, and movement |
| Lawrence | Harlem Renaissance, One of the Largest Race Riots in East St. Louis - oppression of African Americans |
| Wright | Architect, buildings grew out of their environments |
| Kaufmann House | Wright, Falling Water, terraces stretch over waterfalls |
| Gehry | Designed buildings to capture essence of their purpose |
| Pollock | Drip paintings, Abstract Expressionism, Lavender Mist |
| Rothko | Abstractionist, soft edges, blending colors, Blue, Orange, Red |
| Kline | Abstractionist, "Meryon", less color |
| Oldenburg | Sculptures, paintings, surrealist, pop artist, "Shoestring Potatoes Spilling from a Bag" |
| Lichtenstein | Pop artist, "Masterpiece" looks like it's from a comic |
| Warhol | Pop artist, repetitions, Campbell's can, "100 Cans" |
| Frankenthaler | "Color Field Painting", "The Bay", questions whether a work is done |
| Close | New Realist, human figure, translate photographic info to paint information, "Mark (Unfinished)" |
| Wyeth | American scene, "Christina's World" |
| Hanson | Life-size, colored models of people, New Realism |
| Moore | Abstract sculptures based on human form, "Sheep Piece" - bronze sheep |
| Nevelson | Wood sculptures, unified pieces by painting everything black |
| Claude | Husband/wife, take something familiar and wrap it |
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