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Ch. 10
Chabner Language of Medicine 11th Edition / Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Neurostransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells. |
| Afferent Nerve | Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve). (af-menaing toward, -ferent, meaning carrying) |
| Arachnoid Membrane | Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| Astrocyte | Type of glial (neurologlial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell. |
| Blood-brain barrier | Protective seperation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain. |
| Brainstem | Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. |
| Cauda Equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| Cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus |
| Central Nervous System ( CNS ) | The brain and the spinal cord |
| Cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| Cerebral Cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain. |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid ( CSF ) | Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. |
| Cranial Nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve). |
| Dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse. |
| Dura Mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. |
| Efferent Nerve | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve. |
| Ependymal Cell | Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Ganglion (pl: Ganglia) | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. |
| Glial Cell (neuroglial cell) | Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons. |
| Gyrus (pl: Gyri) | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded rudge on the surface of the cerebral cortex: convolution. |
| Hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland. |
| Medulla Oblongata | Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here. |
| Meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| Microglial Cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system |
| Midbrain | Uppermost portion of the brainstem. |
| Motor Nerve | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles |
| Myelin Sheath | Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell |
| Nerve | Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses. |
| Neuron | Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. |
| Oligodendrogial Cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte. |
| Parasympathetic Nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Parenchyma | Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses. |
| Hepatocytes | Parenchymal cells of the liver |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves. |
| Pia Mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges. |
| Plexus (pl: plexuses) | Large, interlacing network of nerves. Ex: Lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses. |
| Pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain. |
| Receptor | Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The Skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors. |
| Sciatic Nerve | Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and goot. |
| Sciatica | Pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve. |
| Sensory Nerve | Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve. |
| Spinal Nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. |
| Stimulus (pl: stimuli) | Agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, and pain) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. |
| Stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells make up the stromal tissue of the brain. |
| Sulcus (pl: sulci) | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure |
| Sympathetic Nerves | Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress. |
| Synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. |
| Thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. |
| Vagus Nerve | Tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Unlike other cranial nerves, the vagus leaves the head and "wanders" into the abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
| Ventricles of the Brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles are also found in the heart--they are the two lower chambers of the heart. |
| Cerebell/o | Cerebellum |
| Cerebr/o | Cerebrum |
| Dur/o | Dura Matter |
| Enecephal/o | Brain |
| Gli/o | Glial Cells |
| Lept/o | Thin, Slender |
| Mening/o, Meningi/o | Membranes, Meninges |
| My/o | Muscle |
| Myel/o | Spinal Cord (means bone marrow in other contexts) |
| Neur/o | Nerve |
| Pont/o | Pons |
| Radicul/o | Nerve Root (of spinal nerves) |
| Thalam/o | Thalamus |
| Thec/o | Sheath (refers to the meninges) |
| Vag/o | Vagus Nerve (10th Cranial Nerve) |
| Alges/o, -algesia | Sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | Pain |
| Caus/o | Burning |
| Comat/o | Deep sleep (coma) |
| Esthesi/o, -esthesia | Feeling, nervous sensation |
| Kines/o, Kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic | Movement |
| -lepsy | Seizure |
| Lex/o | Word, phrase |
| -paresis | Weakness |
| -phasia | Speech |
| -plegia | Paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body) |
| -praxia | Action |
| -sthenia | Strength |
| Syncop/p | To cut off, cut short |
| Tax/o | Order, coordination |
| Hydrocephalus | Abnormal accumulation of fluid ( CSF ) in the brain |
| Spina Bifida | Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of verebral parts (neural tube defect) |
| Alzheimer Disease ( AD ) ( Alzheimer's ) | Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration ( dementia ), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning. |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) | Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the psinal cord and brainstem. |
| Epilepsy | Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity. |
| Huntington Disease ( Huntington's ) | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration. |
| Multiple Sclerosis ( MS ) | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. |
| Myasthenia Gravis ( MG ) | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. |
| Palsy | Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) |
| Parkinson Disease ( Parkinson's ) | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement. |
| Tourette Syndrome ( Tourette's ) | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words. |
| Herpes Zoster ( shingles ) | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves. |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) Encephalopathy | Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS. |
| Brain Tumor | Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges |
| Cerebral Concussion | Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head. |
| Cerebral Contusion | Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head. |
| Cerebrovascular Accident ( CVA ) | Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke |
| Migraine | Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis | Samples of CSF are examined |
| Cerebral Angiography | X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material. |
| Computed Tomography ( CT ) of the brain | Computerized x-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) | Magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of he brain and spinal cord. |
| Poitron Emission Tomography ( PET ) Scan | Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells |
| Doppler Ultrasound Studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries. |
| Electroencephalography ( EEG ) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain. |
| Lumbar Puncture ( LP ) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis |
| Sterotactic Radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain. |
| Absence Seizure | Form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings |
| Aneurysm | Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA ( stroke ). |
| Astrocytoma | Malignant tumor of astrocytes ( glial brain cells ). |
| Aura | Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset ( prodromal ) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure |
| Dementia | Mental decline and deterioration |
| Demyelination | Destruction of myelin on axons of neurons ( as in multiple sclerosis ) |
| Dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease. |
| Embolus | Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel. |
| Gait | Manner of walking |
| Ictal Event | Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure |
| Occlusion | Blockage |
| Palliative | Relieving symptoms but not curing them |
| Thymectomy | Removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest ) ; used as treatment for myasthenia gravis |
| TIA | Transient ischemic attack. TIAs can occur with all three types of strokes : thrombolytic, embolic, and even hemorrhagic ( if minor ). They are characterized by a limited time course of neurologic deficits. |
| Tic | Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of Tourette Syndrome |
| Tonic-Clonic Seizure | Major ( grand mal ) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements. |
| AD | Alzheimer disease |
| AFP | Alpha-Fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida |
| ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Lou Gehrig Disease |
| AVM | Arteriovenous Malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum |
| BBB | Blood-brain barrier |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| CSF | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| CTE | Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy |
| CVA | Cerebrovascular Accident |
| EEG | Electroencephalography |
| GABA | Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (neurotransmitter) |
| ICP | Intracranial Pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg) |
| LP | Lumbar Puncture |
| MAC | Monitored Anesthetic Care |
| MG | Myasthenia Gravis |
| MRA | Magnetic Resonance Angiography |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| MS | Multiple Sclerosis |
| 1/2 P | Hemiparesis |
| PCA | Patient-Controlled Analgesia |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System |
| PSRS | Proton Stereotactic Radiosurgery |
| Sz | Seizure |
| TBI | Traumatic Brain Injury |
| TENS | Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation; technique using a bettery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain |
| TIA | Transient Ischemic Attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain |
| TLE | Temporal Love Epilepsy |
| tPA | Tissue Plasminogen Activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke |
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