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A/P Chap. 23
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List four functions of the digestive system | 1. Ingestion (eating) 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Elimination |
| Describe the four layers of digestive tract: Layer 1 | Layer 1: Mucosa -the innermost layer -composed of mucous membrane -glands secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones -ducts from exocrine gland empty the lumen of the digestive tract |
| Describe the four layers of digestive tract: Layer 2 | Layer 2: Submucosa -thick layer of loose connective tissue -lies next to the mucosa -contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and lymphatic vessels |
| Describe the four layers of digestive tract: Layer 3 | Layer 3: Muscle -has 2 layers of smooth muscles are an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer -in between the 2 layer are autonomic nerve fibers -Responsible for movement indigestive tract -another muscle movement called peristalsis |
| Describe the four layers of digestive tract: Layer 4 | Layer 4: Serosa -the outermost lining of the digestive tract -extends as peritoneal membranes |
| Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive tract 1 of 6 Mouth | Mouth: -teeth and tongue -salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual |
| Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive tract 2 of 6 Pharynx | Pharynx(throat) |
| Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive tract 3 of 6 Esophagus | Esophagus -the esophagus is a long tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach -there are two sphincters |
| Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive tract 4 of 6 Stomach | Stomach: -the three parts of the stomach are the fundus, body, and pylorus -The stomach functions in digestion; its most important role is regulate the rate at which chime is delivered to the small intestine |
| Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive tract 5 of6 Small intestine | Small intestine: -the three parts of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum -most of the digestion and absorption occurs within the duodenum -the end products of digestion are absorbed into villi |
| Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive tract 6 of 6 Large intestine | Large intestine: -the large intestine consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus -the large intestine functions in absorption of water and electrolytes |
| Describe the structure and functions of the accessory organs of the digestive tract Liver 1 of 4 | Liver: -the liver has many functions; its most important digestive function is the secretion of bile -the liver receives blood from the portal vein; portal blood is rich in digestive end products |
| Describe the structure and functions of the accessory organs of the digestive tract Biliary Tree 2 of 4 | Biliary Tree: -The biliary tree is composed of the bile ducts that connect the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum -the common bile duct empties into the duodenum |
| Describe the structure and functions of the accessory organs of the digestive tract Gallbladder 3 of 4 | Gallbladder: -the gallbladder functions to store and concentrate bile -the gallbladder contracts and releases bile in response to the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). |
| Describe the structure and functions of the accessory organs of the digestive tract Pancreas 4 of 4 | Pancreas: -the pancreas secretes the most important digestive enzymes -the pancreatic enzymes empty into the duodenum |
| Explain the physiology of digestion and absorption 1 of 3 Carbohydrate Digestion | Carbohydrate Digestion: -to be absorbed, carbohydrates must be broken down into glucose -Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes called amylases and disaccharidases |
| Explain the physiology of digestion and absorption 2 of 3 Protein Digestion | Protein Digestion: -to be absorbed, proteins must be broken down into amino acids -protein are broken down by proteolytic enzymes or proteases |
| Explain the physiology of digestion and absorption 3 of 3 Fat Digestion | Fat Digestion: -to be absorbed, fats must be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. -fats are digested by enzymes called lipases. fats are first emulsified by bile |
| Describe the effects of amylases, proteases, and lipases 1 of 3 | Amylases (enzyme): (carbs) -is the first stage, breaks the polysaccharide(many) into disaccharides(two) -the two are: -1.salivary amylase (ptyalin) -2.pancreatic amylase |
| Describe the effects of amylases, proteases, and lipases Page 2 of 3 | Proteases: aka proteolytic enzymes protein -digest proteins -secreted by 3 organs: 1.stomach secrete pepsin 2.intestinal cells secrete enterokinase 3.pancreas secretes trypsin and chymotrypsin -proteins break down to small peptides and amino acids |
| Describe the effects of amylases, proteases, and lipases Page 3 of 3 | Lipases: fats -pancreatic lipases -the end product of fat digestion are fatty acids and glycerol -fat absorbed into lacteals of the villus |
| Describe the role of bile in the digestion of fats | -bile solves the large fat globule problem -bile emulsifies the fats, and the pancreatic and intestinal lipases digest them -end products of fat digestion are fatty acids and glycerol. - the fat products are absorbed into the lacteals of the villi. |
| What are the five categories of nutrients | 1. carbohydrates 2. protein 3. fats(lipids) 4.vitamins 5.mineral |
| Describe the five categories of nutrients | 1. carbohydrates: -are either simple or complex -glucose, the simplest carbohydrates, is the major fuel used by the body for energy |
| Describe the five categories of nutrients | 2. protein: -the body needs essential amino acids, which it cannot synthesize, and nonessential amino acids, which it can synthesize -dietary proteins are complete or incomplete |
| Describe the five categories of nutrients | 3. lipids(fats): -most dietary are triglycerides -fats are either saturated fats (like butter) or unsaturated fats (like oil) |
| Describe the five categories of nutrients | 4. vitamins: -vitamins are small organic molecules that help regulate cell metabolism. -dietary vitamin deficiencies give rise to many diseases -vitamins are either water soluble (vitamin b and c) or fat soluble (vitamin a, d, e, and k) |
| Describe the five categories of nutrients | 5. Minerals: -minerals are inorganic substances necessary for normal body function -mineral deficiencies can cause serious health problems |
| Key term: Amylase | enzyme that digests carbohydrates |
| Key term: Appendix | |
| Key term: Bile | a digestive aid secreted by the liver; it emulsifies fats |
| Key term: Biliary tree | arrangement of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and duodenum; includes hepatic ducts, cystic duct, and common bile ducts |
| Key term: Cecum | part of the large intestine that connects the ileum of the small intestine and the ascending colon of the large intestine |
| Key term: Chyle | milky fluid found in the lacteals of the villi; consists of emulsified fats and lymph |
| Key term: Chyme | paste like mixture of partially digested food, water, and digestive enzymes that is formed in the stomach |
| Key term: Colon | major portion of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum |
| Key term: Digestion | process of breaking down food into absorbable particles |
| Key term: Duodenum | first part of the small intestine |
| Key term: Esophagus | the tubelike structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach; the food tube |
| Key term: IIeum | distal end of the small intestine |
| Key term: Jejunum | second or middle part of the small intestine |
| Key term: Lipase | enzyme that digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Key term: Mineral | inorganic substance such as sodium or potassium |
| Key term: Peristalsis | rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle that propels a substance forward; peristalsis in the digestive tract moves food from the esophagus toward the anus |
| Key term: Protease | enzyme that digests protein |
| Key term: Stomach | a digestive organ located between the esophagus and the duodenum |
| Key term: villus | aka villi -fingerlike projections such as the villi that lines the intestine; function in absorption |
| Key term: Vitamin | organic substance that is necessary for normal metabolism |
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