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Neuro week 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 6 defined tastes? | salt, sweet, fat, umami, sour, bitter. |
| Why do people sniff wine? | Olfactory afferents acitvated, volatile odorants diffuse into nasal cavity. |
| How many taste buds do we have? | 2000-5000 |
| Taste cells turn over in 2 weeks. | yes |
| How many types of taste cells are there in a single taste bud? | 3 |
| How is salt detected? | sodium ions depolarising cell via amiloride sensitive Na channels. |
| How is sour detected? | intracellular acidification by mainly organic acids, leads to block of leak potassium channel in membrane. Depolarisation, leading to opening of calcium channels. |
| How is sweet/umami rdetected? | sweet at T1R2/T1R3 heterodimer G protein. Umami at T1R1/T1R3 receptors. These receptors are coupled to phospholipase C and hence to depolarising mechanisms. R1 and R3 respond to glutamate, enhanced by inosine. |
| What are bitter receptors? | T2R* several types. |
| What are some e.g.s of NTs used for gustatory afferents? | ATP, 5HT, GABA, ACh, NA, Glutamate. |
| Where is the gustatory nucleus? | in ipsilateral projection of medulla. |
| What is gustatory perception mediated by? | By gustatory projection to ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus. |
| Where is the olfactory epithelium? | On roof of nasal cavity. |
| How do olfactory receptor cells send signal to central NS? | Send axons through cribiform plate to the olfactory bulb. |
| How many odours does one glomeruli encode? | just one. |
| In what way do receptor cells arrange on olfactory bulb? | all have the same receptive field (i.e. express the same odorant receptor). |
| What are some cellular targets of Autonomic nerves? | smooth and cardiac muscle; epithelial transport of ions; hormone and mucous secretion; metabolism; immune cells. |
| within the endocrine system, why is the ANS important? | Homeostasis and allostasis (maintaining balances system with changing environment or need). |
| Allostasis can be ____ or ____ | predictive or reactive |
| Subdivisions of ANS? | Symp, parasymp (CNS AND PNS) and enteric (can function independently of CNS. |
| Which part of spine for symp? | thoraco-lumbar |
| which part of spine for parasym? | cranio-sacral |
| What is co-transmisison? | when more than 1 NT is released into a synapse |
| What are the two types of symp ganglia? | Paravertebral (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia (aka mesenteric ganglia). |
| Where are preganglionic symp neurons? | brainstem nuclei (axons project via cranial nerves) and sacral spinal cord (Axons project via spinal nerves). |
| Where would you find mixed ganglia? | pelvic plexus - Many of these ganglia have unusually long axons - vulnerable to surgical injury. |
| Are symp and parasymp systems antagonistic? | not always - especially with bladder and sexual fucntion. But yes sometimes e.g. with HR and AIRWAYS |
| What's an example of functional antagosnism via different cells with symp and para? | Symp - contract pupil dilator muscle, para - contract pupil sphincter muscle. Bladder symp - contract base of bladder (continence) vs. para - contract body of bladder (void). |
| What's an example of different but not opposite actions? | Symp - serious salivary secretion, parasymp - mucous salivary secretion. |
Created by:
lmdavis97
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