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Special Senses
A&P Chapter 17 Dr.Cutler
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Somatic Senses | Body |
| Visceral Senses | Organs |
| Special Senses | Smell, Taste, Vision, Hearing and Balance |
| Ophthamology | Science of eyes and their disorders |
| Otolaryngology | Science of ears, nose, pharynx, and larynx and their disorders |
| Chemical Sense | Sensations arise from interaction of molecules with smell or taste receptors |
| Chemical Sense is detected by the | Nose or Tongue only when dissolved |
| Both smell and taste go directly to the | Limbic System ('lizard' brain) |
| Humans can see only | Visible light wavelengths 400-700 nm |
| Accessory Structures of the Eye | Eyelids, Eyelashes, Eyebrows, Lacrimal (tear ducts) apparatus, and Extrinsic (outer) eye muscles |
| Eyelids (Palpebrae) | Protect & Lubricate eyes |
| Palperbral Fissure | Opening between the upper and lower eyelids |
| Eyelashes & Eyebrows | Prevents harmful bacteria from getting inside eye |
| Sty | Bacterial infection of sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashes |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | Structures that produce and drain tears |
| Extrinsic eye muscles | Six muscles that extend from bony orbit, attached to the sclera |
| Strabismus (Tropia) | When one of the eye muscles fails |
| Lacrimal Fluid | Tears |
| Lacrimal Glands | Secrete tears through ducts |
| Lacrimal Canaliculi | Drain tears at medial corner |
| Nasolacrimal Sac and Duct | Drain tears to nasal cavity |
| Lysozyme | Bactericidal enzyme in the lacrimal fluid |
| 3 layers of the Eyeball | Fibrous Tunic, Vascular Tunic, and Retina |
| Fibrous Tunic contains the | Sclera and Cornea |
| Vascular Tunic contains the | Choroid, ciliary body and iris |
| Retina contains the | Neural Layer |
| Choroid | Under the Sclera, Promotes Melanin |
| Ciliary Body | Ciliary muscle contracts lens |
| Iris ('Rainbow') | Colored portion of eyeball, lies over lens |
| Pupil | Center hole of the iris |
| Retina | Lines posterior 2/3 of eyeball, begins at Optic Nerve CN II |
| Optic Disc | Optic Nerve exits eye, Blind Spot |
| Rods and Cones | Night Vision and Color |
| Fovea Centralis | Only Cones-Central Focus |
| Bright Light | Pupil Constricts |
| Dim Light | Pupil Dilates |
| Blind Spot | Optic Disc |
| Night Blindness | Loss of Rods at periphery of retina |
| Crystallin Proteins | Focus light onto the retina |
| Cataracts | Mutation to the crystallin proteins |
| Aqueous Humor (Front) | Fills anterior cavity in front of lens |
| Glaucoma occurs in the | Aqueous Humor |
| Vitreous Humor (Back) | Fills posterior cavity behind lens |
| Vitreous body | Jellylike substance that hold retina against the choroid |
| Intraocular Pressure | Produced by humors, maintains eyeshape |
| Too much pressure in the Aqueous Humor | Glaucoma |
| Accommodation | Fewing objects closer than 20 feet |
| Convergence | Eyeballs move medially |
| Rhodopsin are in | Rods |
| Retinal are in | Cones |
| Pigments for Rods | Rhodopsin |
| Pigments for Cones | Retinal |
| 3 Main Regions of the Ear | Outer, Middle and Inner Ear |
| Outer Ear | Tunnel that collects and channels sound waves |
| Middle Ear | Lever System that amplifies sound waves in the ear canal by 20x |
| Inner Ear | Convert sound waves to electricity and send it to brain for interpretation |
| Auricle (pinna) | Visible ear that channels sound in the outer ear |
| Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) | Thin, strong round sheet that vibrates in response to incoming sound waves |
| Ossicles | Malleus, Incus, and Stapes |
| Oval Window | Separates middle from inner ear at stapes |
| Auditory Tube | Runs to the Nasopharynx, Permits equalizing of air pressure between nasal cavity and middle ear during swallowing |
| Middle Ear is filled with what | Air |
| Muscles in the Middle Ear | Tensor Tympani and Stapedius |
| Tensor Tympani | Protects inner ear from loud noises by decreasing vibration in the eardrum |
| Stapedius | Decreases movement of stapes on the oval window |
| Bony Labyrinth (outer shell) | Filled with perilymph |
| Membranous Labyrinth (inner shell) | Fiilled with endolymph |
| Vestibule function | Balance |
| Utricle | Little Bag for balance |
| Saccule | Little Sac for balance |
| Semicircular Canals function | Balance in 3 different planes |
| Ampulla | Enlargement at the bottom of each semicircular canal |
| Cohlea | 'Snail Tail', used to hear |
| Cochlear ducts are filled with | Endolymph |
| Inner Ear Hearing Organs | Cochlear Ducts |
| Basilar Membrane | Inside Cochlear ducts |
| Tectorial Membrane | Covers hair cells and transmit vibrations from lymph |
| Hair Cells | Transmit vibrations of tectorial membrane |
| Static equilibrium in the Vestibule | Maintain the body position relative to Gravity |
| Dynamic Equilibrium int he Semi-Circular Canals | Maintain the body position despite sudden movements |
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