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POLS 101 Exam 1
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Equality | The ideal that all people are created equal. |
| Liberty | The ideal that all people should be free to act and think as they choose without violating the freedom and liberty of others. |
| Self-Government | The ideal that the people are the governing authority. |
| Politics | The process of making decisions for a society. |
| Social Contract | An agreement between the people and the government that obligates both parties to act within the confines of the agreement. |
| Democracy | A form of government that gives governing power to the people, either through elected officials or direct voting. |
| Constitutionalism | The rule that the government has limited power over its people; it gives the people certain liberties and rights. |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which the government interferes with the economy as little as possible. The principles of capitalism are free enterprise and self-reliance. |
| Majoritarianism | The political theory that argues that the majority is the governing power. |
| Pluralism | The political theory that argues that the activities of groups influence and control governing power. |
| Elitism | The political theory that argues that an elite group of influential people is the governing power. |
| Bureaucratic rule | The political theory that argues that career government administrators are the governing power. |
| Constitution | The set of rules that defines how a government will operate. |
| New Jersey plan | The plan for the American Constitution that gave significant power to Congress and gave one vote to each state. |
| Virginia plan | The plan for the American Constitution that suggested a two-chambered congress with specific and limited powers, and with congressional presence based on the population of the state. |
| Checks and balances | The system that gives each of the judiciary, executive, and legislative branches of government certain authority over the other branches. |
| Judiciary branch | The branch of American government that is composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts. |
| Executive branch | The branch of American government that is composed of the President of the United States and his agencies and staff. |
| Legislative branch | The branch of American government that has the power to pass legislation and that is composed of the Congress. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution that grant Americans specific rights. |
| Amendment | A formal, voted-upon correction or alteration to the Constitution. |
| Great Compromise | The agreement that came out of the Constitutional Convention and resulted in a two-chamber congress which includes both the Senate and the House of Representatives. |
| Democracy | A form of government that gives governing power to the people, either through elected officials or direct voting. |
| Republic | A form of government that gives governing power to the people through elected officials. |
| Sovereignty | The ultimate governing authority within a specific geographical area. |
| Federalism | A system of government that divides governing authority between national and state governments. |
| Enumerated powers | Seventeen powers specifically given to the national government under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. |
| Implied powers | The federal government's authority to take actions not expressly authorized by the Constitution so long as those actions support the Constitution. |
| Reserved powers | The powers given to the states by the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. |
| Laissez-faire capitalism | An economic philosophy that states that businesses should be able to operate outside the control of the government. |
| Cooperative federalism | A system of government in which local, state, and national governments work together to solve problems. |
| Authority | The power of one group or person over another group or person. |
| the people rule | The Greek words demos and kratis together mean |
| the consent of the governed | According to the Declaration of Independence, governments get their "just powers" from |
| born free | According to political scientist Louis Hartz, the United States |
| foreign affairs | From 1945 until the late 1960s, there was the highest degree of bipartisanship in the area of: |
| further checked the power of the majority. | The Bill of Rights |
| business firms. | Roughly two-thirds of all lobbyists in the nation's capital represent |
| Power | is the ability of persons, groups, or institutions to influence political developments. |
| involves the careful gathering and sifting of information in the process of forming a knowledgeable view about a political issue. | As described in the text, "political thinking" |
| Among adults twenty-one years of age and older, roughly one in four is a college graduate. | Which of the following is an accurate description of the prevalence of college education in the United States? |
| tyranny of the majority. | To the framers, the great danger of democratic government was the risk of |
| life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. | The inalienable rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence are |
| a. primary elections. b. direct election of U.S. senators. c. the initiative and referendum. d. recall elections. | Progressive reforms included |
| six; two | The term of office for a U.S. senator is ________ years, while that of a member of the U.S. House is ________ years. |
| jail a person without a court hearing to determine the legality of his or her imprisonment. | The Constitution prevents the government from suspending the writ of habeas corpus, meaning that the government cannot |
| asserted the power of the judiciary without creating the possibility of its rejection by either the executive or the legislative branch. | Marbury v. Madison was an ingenious decision because it |
| its staggered terms of office of members of the legislature | Which of the following aspects of U.S. government might be used as part of an argument that the U.S. is less democratic than some other democracies? |
| the Constitution's elaborate systems of power and representation were designed to protect the interests of the rich. | In his criticism of the Constitution, the economist Charles Beard argued that: |
| the powers of state governments. | The Tenth Amendment addressed the concerns of Anti-Federalists about |
| John C. Calhoun | Which of the following individuals would agree that each state should be allowed to determine for itself the extent to which national authority restricts its actions? |
| Medicaid | is an illustration of cooperative federalism. |
| government. | The only counterforce that was potentially strong enough to control the business trusts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was |
| None of these answers are correct. | The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Which decision is indicative of how the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion in civil rights matters in the decades after the Civil War? |
| the Supreme Court. | The "separate but equal" standard was created by |
| state regulation of labor practices violated firms' property rights. | In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court ruled that |
| The government does not attempt to manage the overall economy, but owns a number of major industries and provides for people's basic economic needs. | Which of the following describes socialism as practiced today in Sweden? |
| there are lawful restrictions on a government's power. | In a constitutional system, |
| supports personal commitment and self-sufficiency. | Individualism is a perspective that |
| war by other means | Prussian-military theorist Carl von Clausewitz referred to politics as:"________." |
| The correct answer is: government provision of free legal counsel to the accused if they are too poor to hire a lawyer | What new policy was established by the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark Gideon v. Wainwright ruling? |
| lack of exposure to other sources of information | Research suggests which of the following is primarily to blame for misinformation about political affairs spreading easily? |
| is evidenced when government officials use their right to exercise power. | A government's authority |
| paying more attention to news sources that have an obvious ideological bias. | Compared to two decades ago, contemporary Americans are, on average, |
| has a higher proportion of college graduates than most European countries. | West West Virginia, the state with the lowest percentage of college graduates in the United States, |
| tyranny of the majority. | To the framers, the great danger of democratic government was the risk of |
| George Washington | During the debates over the ratification of the Constitution, most people assumed that this person would be the first president: |
| political pressure from the Progressives. | The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to |
| representatives should follow their own judgment of the public interest. | Edmund Burke's idea of representatives as trustees was based on the claim that: |
| passing ex post facto laws. | The Constitution forbids Congress from |
| Congress had no effective way to retaliate. | How did Congress retaliate to the Supreme Court's reprimand, in Marbury v. Madison, that it had passed legislation that exceeded its constitutional authority? |
| its staggered terms of office of members of the legislature | Which of the following aspects of U.S. government might be used as part of an argument that the U.S. is less democratic than some other democracies? |
| the Constitution's elaborate systems of power and representation were designed to protect the interests of the rich. | In his criticism of the Constitution, the economist Charles Beard argued that: |
| govern intrastate commerce. | The Constitution allows states to |
| John C. Calhoun. | The doctrine of nullification is most closely associated with |
| the use of block grants over categorical grants | What did Reagan promote as part of his version of "new federalism?” |
| government. | The only counterforce that was potentially strong enough to control the business trusts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was:: |
| asserted the power to regulate the nation's economy. | During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the national government |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Which decision is indicative of how the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion in civil rights matters in the decades after the Civil War? |
| the Supreme Court. | The "separate but equal" standard was created by |
| invalidated key pieces of FDR's New Deal legislation. | In key decisions early in the New Deal era, the Supreme Court |
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