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APUSGOV Unit Three
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| civil liberties | the constitutional and other legal protections against government actions; these are defined and protected in the Bill of Rights (first ten amendments) |
| due process clause | part of the 14th Amendment guaranteeing that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property by the US or state governments without due process of law |
| establishment clause | part of the 1st Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law" establishing a national religion |
| free exercise clause | part of the 1st Amendment that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion |
| selective incorporation | the process by which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by applying its provisions to the states through the 14th Amendment's due process clause |
| prior restraint | government actions that prevent material from being published, usually prohibited by the 1st Amendment. AKA censorship. |
| symbolic speech | nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband, which is protected by the 1st Amendment |
| commercial speech | communication in the form of advertising, which can be restricted more than many other types of speech |
| probable cause | reasonable grounds for believing that a person is guilty of a crime |
| search warrant | a written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what may be searched for |
| exclusionary rule | the rule that evidence cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not obtained in a constitutional manner |
| civil rights | policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals |
| equal protection clause | part of the 14th Amendment emphasizing that laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people |
| suffrage | the legal right to vote |
| social welfare policies | policies that provide benefits, cash or in-kind, to individuals based on entitlement or means testing |
| federal reserve system | the main instrument for making monetary policy in the U.S.; regulates the lending practices of banks and, thus, the money supply |
| fiscal policy | use of the federal budget (taxes, spending, and borrowing) to influence the economy |
| Keynesian economics | the theory emphasizing that government spending and deficits can help the economy deal with its ups and downs; proponents advocate using government power to stimulate economic growth |
| entitlement programs | government programs providing benefits to qualified individuals regardless of need |
| means-tested programs | government programs providing benefits only to those who qualify based on specific needs |
| foreign policy | policy that involves decisions about relations with the rest of the world |
| tariff | a tax added to imported goods to raise their price, thereby protecting businesses and workers from foreign competition |
| balance of trade | the ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports |
| affirmative action | a policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group |
| Brown v. Board of Education | Racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and all public schools must be desegregated. This is a 14th Amendment (equal protection clause) case. |
| Gideon v. Wainright | A defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one. This is a 6th Amendment case, and a 14th Amendment case (selective incorporation) |
| Marbury v. Madison | Establishes the principle of judicial review. This is an Article III case. |
| Schenck v. United States | Limits free speech with the "clear and present danger" principle. This is a 1st Amendment case (freedom of speech). |
| Engel v. Vitale | State-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. This is a 1st Amendment case (freedom of religion- establishment clause) and a 14th Amendment case (selective incorporation) |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder | The state cannot make laws that parents to send their children to public schools in violation of their religious beliefs. This is a 1st Amendment case (freedom of religion- free exercise clause). |
| Tinker v. Des Moines | Guarantees a student's right to freedom of speech at school as long as it is not disruptive/threatening to the education of others; established the principle of symbolic speech. This is a 1st Amendment case (freedom of speech). |
| New York Times Company v. United States | Establishes a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” and allows the publication of the Pentagon Papers despite the fact that they make the US government look bad. This is a 1st Amendment case (freedom of the press). |
| McDonald v. Chicago | Affirms the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms." This is a 2nd Amendment case and a 14th Amendment case (selective incorporation) |
Created by:
missmurdough
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