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Chapter 7
Exec at Work
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bureaucracy | is any organization, either in government having the following features: a clear formal structure, a division of labor, and a set of rules and procedures by which it operates |
| Bureaucrats | administrators and skilled experts who work for a bureaucracy. |
| Civil Service | civilians who carry out the work of the federal government. |
| Spoils System | where the president rewards people who supported the president’s policies or their campaign by giving them jobs. Which made them inexperienced, inefficient, and corrupt. |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 | established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation |
| Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 | The OPM (Office of Personnel Management) conducts competitive exams, places applicants into jobs, and maintains admin functions. |
| U.S. Merit Systems Protection Boards | Protects civil service employees and the system of hiring from partisan practices and abuses by the executive branch. |
| Independent agencies | are not part of the executive departments but they do work under them to lessen the work of the executive branch. |
| Independent Executive Agencies | they oversee and manage a specific aspect of the federal government. |
| Independent Regulatory Commissions | their job is to regulate some aspect of the economy. |
| Government Corporations | their are organized and run like a business but are owned in whole or in part by the federal government. |
| Income tax | is where a tax is put on a person’s or corporation’s income. |
| Mandatory Spending | This is spending required by laws and not subject to the annual budget process. |
| Discretionary Spending | This is spending that is subject to the annual budget process. |
| Fiscal policy | the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy. |
| Monetary policy | the government’s policy of regulating the money in circulation and the interest rates at which money is borrowed. |
| Progressive tax | a tax whose rates increase as the amount that is subject to taxation increases. |
| Payroll tax | makes up about 31% of federal revenues which is withheld from a person’s paycheck by their employer. Used for things like social security. |
| Regressive tax | tax that has a great impact on lower-income earners than on upper-income earners. |
| Proportional tax | tax that is applied at the same rate against all income. |
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