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Neuro week 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the cranial nerves? | Oh Oh Oh to touch and feel very good velvet. such heaven! Some say marry money but my brother says big brains marry more! |
| How does a patch clamp electrode tip work? | Tiny hole at end of a glass pipette, can use to record voltage, sneaks up to membrane but doesn't penetrate it. Seal's part of outer membrane (see image) |
| What is Magnetoencephalography: | measuring the normal (tiny) magnetic fields associated with brain activity. |
| What is PET scan? | A PET Scan (or Positron Emission Tomography) is a non-invasive, diagnostic examination that finds information about the activity of different parts of the body. |
| How does MRI work? | - hydrogen is paramagnetic (spinning magnet) - hydrated tissue has a lots of protons spinning around, - strong magnetic fields align the spin axes. - radiowaves disrupt this alignment, when they re-align, they give off radio waves. |
| What is neural induction? | region of dorsal embryonic ectoderm aquires neural fate/potential to form the nervous system. |
| What is epidermal fate determined by? | local bone morphogenetic protein signalling. When signalling is blocked, neural tissue promoters are expressed. |
| What is the organiser? | the node - source of important blocking molecules. |
| What causes NTDs? | Bottom of neural pore doesn't close, neural tissue coming out, exposed to amniotic fluid and can be damaged. Picked up by ultrasounds. |
| What should mothers take to reduce risk of NTDs? | Folic acid |
| What does the neural crest give rise to? | Peripheral and enteric NC ganglia, melanocytes, Schwann cells, cartilage, and bone (face & jaw). |
| Which vesicles form after neural tube closure (from cranial to caudal)? | Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon. |
| What does the Prosencephalon split into? | Telencephalon & Diencephalon |
| What does Rhomboencephalon split into? | Metencephalon, Myelencephalon. |
| What do each of these structures become in the adult brain? | Telen - Olfactory, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum/basal gnalgia Dien- Thalamus, hypothalamus, retina Mesen - Midbrain Meten - Pons, cerebellum Myelen - Medulla |
| What are the patterning centres of the neural tube and what's their role? | Regions that provide different positional cues for specifying cell fate. ROOF PLATE secretes dorsalizing morphogens (BMPS, FGF, Wnts). FLOOR PLATE secretes ventralising morphogen (sonic hedgehog). |
| Why does the layer of neuroepithelial cells of neural tube appear multi-layered? | Nucleus and cell body move to different positions along apical-basal axis with different phases of cell-cycle. |
| What's the significance in both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions producing cells for the NS? | Symm - expand NE progenitor pool, identical daughter cells. Asymm - 2 different daughter cells, 1 self-renewed and 1 differentiated. |
| Is the cortical layer formed inside out or outside in? | inside-out. Deepest cellular layers assemble first and those closest to surface develop last. |
| What is the cause of many developmental disorders w.r.t. migration of cells? | Many neurons are generated at remote locations and need to migrate into place. e.g. GABA+ are produced in basal forebrain. Olfactory bulb neuroblasts migrate along the rostral migratory stream. Cerebellar granule cell precursors migrate from rhombic lip. |
| Which comes first: neurogenesis or gliogenesis? | Neuro. controlled by separate transcriptional programs, each blocks the other. |
| How much of total neurons are pyramidal? | 80%. The rest are interneurons. |
| What are interneurons? | locally-projecting inhibitory neurons that modulate cortical excitatory output. |
| What dictates growth of dendrites? | Basic plan - genetics. Influenced by environmental factors. Local signals (contact-dependent or diffusable cues) + active synapses. |
| What are the roles of actin and microtubules in axon growth? | Actin - regulates shape and directed growth of cone. Microtubules - provide structural support to axon shaft and essential for axon extension. |
| What is the curve of synapse development like? | too many synapses formed in early years, then pruned. |
| Describe ocular dominance columns | 'Stripes' on eyes, where layer IV neurons are synaptically driven by the other labelled eye, within interspersed unlabelled regions, the other eye. |
| When are ocular dominance columns established? | postnatally |
| When is the 'critical period' for where sensory input from left and right eyes rearrange developing circuits into ocular dominance columns. ? | 6 weeks postnatal. |
| What are some roles of glia in the NS? | - myelination of peripheral axons, myelinate CNS, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury, produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. |
| What are the four types of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin? | Meissner sorpuscles & Merkel complexes (close to surface) and Ruffini organs and Pacinian corpuscles (deeper in skin). |
| What do rapidly adapting neurons exhibit with stimulus? | React to stimulus at start, however usually only respond to *change*. |
| Which are the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors? | Merkel complexes (tips of epidermal ridges where respond to indentation) and Ruffini endings (in upper dermis, sustained response to skin movement). |
| Which are the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors? | Meissner receptors (near surface, have transient response) and Pacinian receptors (deeps and have transient response to vibration). |
| Sensory discrimination depends on: | the entire system, peripheral and central mechanisms. |
| How are microscopes limited? | by the wavelength of the light. Could potentially see atomic dimensions but visible wavelengths limit the maximum achievable resolution to 250nm. |
| What is the spatial resolution of light microscopes governed by? What about electron microscopes? | Light, duh, by light waves. Electron by wavelength of electron beam. |
| What are STED methods? what do they so? | Stimulated Emission Depletion, super resolution is achieved by narrowing point spread function of the diffraction disk by using a laser to precisely deactivated the outmost portion of the disc. |
| What is STORM? | Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Method - random switching of fluorescence of individual molecules allows individual contributions to be imaged. On, image localised, then off. MANY CYCLES. |
| are microelectrodes fast? | Yes, very good spatial resolution and very fast temporal resolution (sub-microsecond). |
| What's an example of molecular biology joinging with high-res electrophysiology? | Patch-clamp electrodes. |
| When does excitatory synapse density increase dramatically? | in the early post-natal years. Then declines. |
| Where do most excitatory synapses form in development? | on Dendritic spines. |
| Which receptors detect dynamic and static touch? | Merkels and Ruffinis. |
| How many synapses does the pathway from the primary mechanoreceptors to the cortex contain? | 2 synapses - in the brainstem and in the thalamus. |
| Does the right side of the brain represent the left or right side of the body? | Right side of brain represents left side of body, because they cross in the brainstem. |
| What constitutes the Somatosensory cortex? | Brodmann areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2. |
| What in the world is a homunculus? | A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological "map" of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. |
| What happens to the cortical map when a digit is amputated? | Expansion of representation of adjacent digits in the somatomap. |
Created by:
lmdavis97
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